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정책비교/국제정치

일본 적군파 시게노부 후사코는 왜 팔레스타인 해방 운동에 개입했는가. (重信 房子Shigenobu Fusako )

by 원시 2023. 10. 11.

시게노부 후사코 석방. 2022년.

2000년 오사카에서 체포. 1974년 헤이그 프랑스 대사관 인질사건 혐의로 인터폴 수배 중. 

2006년 20년 형 언도. 

 

1971년 레바논으로 향함.

팔레스타인해방 인민 전선 (PFLP)  지휘 하, 이스라엘 텔 아비브 총기 난사. 대사과 ㄴ 점거. 항공기 납치 사건 등 무장 투쟁 전개.

1974년 12월 일본적국 결성 (JRA, Japanese Red Army) .

 

1970년대말 대사관 점거, 비행기 납치 등 폭력적 혁명 방식과 결별

 

 

1970년대 3개 조직. 

 

1) 1969년 9월 적군파 결성. (주요 멤버가 일본 요도호 여객기를 납치해 북한에 망명함) 

 

2) 연합적군 (모리 쓰네오 등 적군파 세력이 전학공투회의이 마오주의자와 연대해 만든 조직)  1972년 2월 아사마 산장 사건 (동료들을 살해한 사건).

 

3)  시게노부 후사코가 속한 일본적군  (1974년 결성 이전부터 아랍적군이라는 이름으로 활동) 1972년 이스라일에 텔 아비브 공항에서 총격전. Lod 공항. 100명의 사상자 발생. 시게노부 후사코의 남편으로 알려진 오쿠다이라 쓰요시가 이 총격전에서 사망함. 2001년 무력 노선 포기 선언 해산. 

 

 

일부 요약 번역.

 



이스라엘의 팔레스타인 점령에 반대해, 시게노무 후사코는 중동으로 떠났다.

1972년 리다 공항 총격전이 있을 때, 시게노무 후사코는 임신 중이었고, 1973년 3월 1일에 딸, 메이 May 을 출산했다.

후사코와 메이는 그 이후 28년간 지하 생활을 해야 했다.  

1974년 후사코는 일본 적군 (아랍-적군파)의 대변인이 되었다.


팔레스타인 의사 출신 조지 하바시가 창립한 PFLP (팔레스타인 해방을 위한 인민전선)과 연대.

1972년 5월 30일 이스라엘 리다 공항에서, 세 명의 일본인들이 생화확 무기 개발 책임자 아론 카치르를 살해하려고 계획했다. 이들과 이스라엘 군대 사이 총격전이 벌어져, 25명의 민간인 사망자가 발생했다.  

일본인 3명이 수류탄을 준비가서, 공항에 터뜨리고, 자기들도 다 죽을 계획이었다. (자살 공격) 그러나 코조 오카모토는 살아 남았고, 체포되었다. 

이스라엘 수사기관에 따르면, 코조 오카모토는 일본 적군파,  일본인 3명은 아랍 적군파라고 알려졌다. 당시 이스라엘 미디어는 이들을 '일본 적군파'  라고 소개했는데, 실제 일본 적군파는 1974년에 창립되었다. 

일본 적군파가 1974년에 독립적인 기구가 된 이후로는, 민간인의 상해가 발생하지 않도록 하겠다고 발표했다.

이러한 정책 변화 이후, 1980년대에는 군사적 작전이 수행된 적은 없다. 

후사코의 일본(아랍 적군파) 는 팔레스타인인들과의 연대와 지역조직 사업에 매진했다.

2000년 11월 후사코는 오사카에서 체포되었고 도쿄로 후송되었다. 후사코는 공개적으로 일본적군파의 활동에 대한 책임을 지고, 불필하게 상해를 입은 사람들에게 사과했다. 

2001년 4월 14일, 후사코는 일본 적군파를 해산하고, 일본에서 합법적인 수단으로 그의 활동을 전개해나간다고 발표했다.

일본 정부는 후사코에게 '여권 위조'죄, 1974년 헤이그에 있는 프랑스 대사관에서 인질극 계획을 공모했다는 이유로 그를 기소했다. 검찰은 후사코의 개입 증거를 구체적으로 제시하지 못했고, 1970년대 증인들의 강압적인 진술에 따른 것이었다.

그러한 철회를 무시하고, 법원은 2005년 판결에서, 후사코를 '살인 공모죄'로 징역 20년 형을 내렸다. 

2008년 후사코는 결장암 판정을 받고 4번의 수술을 받았다. 2017년 시게노부 후사코는 다음과 같은 편지를 썼다. 

반핵 반전 시위자들이 함께 일할 수 있다면, 그들이 미래를 바꿀 수 있다. 난 희망적이다. 물질적인 측면에서 혁명의 시간이 성큼 다가왔다고 말할 수 있다. 인간성이 지속적으로 부정당하는 한, 전 지구적 인본주의적 혁명이 미래에 반드시 발생할 것이다.

 

 

출처 : https://bit.ly/3LTuDEY

 

Bio & Lifestory – Fusako Shigenobu

“If anti-nuclear protestors and anti-war protestors can join forces, they can change the future. I am hopeful…You could say that the world is ripe for revolution, in material terms. As long as humanity continues to be denied, the global humanist revolu

www.fusakoshigenobu.com

 

Bio & Lifestory

 

 

 

 

 

Fusako Shigenobu (1945- ) is a political prisoner, poet, writer, mother, and revolutionary fighter for the liberation of Palestine. She was imprisoned for 21.5 years after dedicating her life to the fight against global imperialism.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

She joined the student movement in the late 1960s while attending night school at Meiji University in Tokyo and gradually became committed to revolutionary politics, and later joined the Red Army Faction (RAF) in 1969.

 

The RAF was a communist party that advocated for revolution against the imperialist governments of the U.S. and Japan. Fusako became one of the senior leaders in 1970 and was tasked with starting an International Relations Bureau.

 

 

 

 

In 1971, Fusako left Japan due partially to her disagreement with Mori Tsuneo, the new default leader of RAF after mass arrests of its leadership.

 

But the main reason for leaving Japan was to seek international solidarity with other ongoing revolutions and struggles against imperialism around the world.

 

 

She headed to the Middle East after she learned about the Palestinian struggle against Israeli occupation.

 

 

 

 

Upon arriving in Lebanon on March 1, 1971, Fusako started working with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), a secular Marxist-Leninist organization founded by Palestinian doctor George Habash.

 

Fusako started her solidarity work at the PFLP’s Public Relations office and magazine publication center, Al Hadaf.

 

This was an era with very limited access to media and information, so her main focus was dispersing the information she gained about the Palestinian struggle and about the situation in the Middle East back to Japan by writing reports for Japanese leftist newspapers and magazines, as well as corresponding with different activists, artists, medics, journalists, and other specialists to encourage them to come and volunteer in the Palestinian camps or inform the Japanese public and create grassroots support.

 

 

 

 

 

 

In May 1971, she helped introduce Masao Adachi and Koji Wakamatsu to the Palestinian freedom fighters Fidayeen and facilitated the making of their film Red Army/PFLP Declaration of World War.

 

She accompanied them to Jordan’s Jarash mountain Palestinian camp where they filmed the first-ever footage of Palestinian fighters in the Fidayeen’s daily life. These Fidayeen were massacred only two days after they left.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

On May 30, 1972, three Japanese men volunteered to take part in a military operation at Lydda Airport (known to Israelis as Ben Gurion Airport ) that targeted Aharon Katzir, the lead scientist for Israel’s biological weapons. Twenty-five civilians were killed in the crossfire with Israeli security forces.

 

Israel denied access to an international inquiry commission to investigate how so many civilians were killed in the incident. An independent investigation would have revealed who was responsible for killing civilians.

 

아론 카치르 Aharon Katzir (이스라엘 생화학 무기 개발자) 

 

 

 

 

 

The three Japanese volunteers had planned to sacrifice their lives during the operation by using hand grenades, but one participant Kozo Okamoto survived and was captured.

 



 

In the Israeli interrogation, it was revealed that he was a Red Army Faction (RAF) member.  The three volunteers called themselves the Arab Red Army, and this was leaked to the Israeli media. The Israeli media named them the Japanese Red Army and thus the name existed before the organization came into existence in 1974.

 

 

 

 

Fusako was forced underground in fear of Israeli reprisal against the Japanese working with the Palestinian liberation movement. Even though Fusako had no involvement in the operation, Israel attempted to assassinate her by bombing the buildings where she resided. I Decided to Give Birth to You Under an Apple Tree, 2001).

 

 

 

 

 

Around this time, she became pregnant with her daughter who was born on March 1, 1973. Fusako and her daughter May lived underground for the next 28 years. May was named after the Japanese word for revolution (Kaku-mei) with the Kanji character meaning “life.”(命)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

While remaining underground, the Japanese volunteers for the PFLP decided to create a political organization in 1974. Fusako became the leader and spokesperson for this internationalist leftist revolutionary organization that took on the name Japanese Red Army (and Arab-Red Army in its early stages).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

After the JRA became an independent entity in 1974, it sought to ensure that civilians would not be harmed in any future operations. After a change in policy, all their militaristic operations ceased by the late 1980s. The group decided to continue their work by focusing on grassroots support and solidarity with the Palestinian people.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fusako authored 10 books while living underground and in prison, including a book of poetry. In her first book, My Love, My Revolution (1974), Fusako wrote: “I would like to see people brought up to help each other regardless of borders.”

 

 

 

 

In November 2000, Fusako was arrested in Osaka and taken to Tokyo. On many occasions, Fusako has publicly taken accountability for past JRA actions and apologized to all those unnecessarily harmed.

 

On April 14, 2001, she dissolved the Japanese Red Army and stated she would continue the same work in Japan through legal means.

 

 

 

The government charged her with two counts of passport forgery and alleged that she must have  “conspired” in the planning of the 1974 hostage-taking operation at the French Embassy in the Hague (an operation that is well known to have been planned by the PFLP Waddie Haddad and led by Carlos, which injured one guard).

 

The prosecution presented no concrete evidence of Fusako’s involvement and relied heavily on forced confession statements taken in the 1970s that were retracted by those witnesses on the stand during the trial. Disregarding such retractions,  the judge sentenced her in 2005 to 20 years of imprisonment for possibly conspiring a “attempted manslaughter”.

 

 

 

 

Akin to other political prisoners, Fusako has been excessively punished because she openly challenges the legitimacy of the Japanese monarchy and government for perpetuating imperial systems of domination and discrimination. From prison, she wrote, “Japan is not a divine nation; we should become a humane nation.” (December 2000)

 

 

 

 

 

 

In 2008, she was diagnosed with colon and intestinal cancer and underwent four surgeries. In a 2017 letter from Hachioji Medical Prison in Tokyo, Shigenobu writes:

 

 

“If anti-nuclear protestors and anti-war protestors can join forces, they can change the future. I am hopeful…You could say that the world is ripe for revolution, in material terms. As long as humanity continues to be denied, the global humanist revolution will surely take place in a future generation.”

 

 

 

 

 

----------

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fusako Shigenobu (Japanese: 重信 房子, Hepburn: Shigenobu Fusako, born 28 September 1945) is a Japanese communist activist, writer, and the founder and leader of the now-disbanded militant group Japanese Red Army (JRA).[1]

 

Born in Japan, Shigenobu became involved in New Left activism while attending night school at Meiji University in Tokyo.[2] In 1969, she joined the Red Army Faction (RAF), a communist group that advocated immediate, armed revolution against the governments of the United States and Japan.[3] Eventually becoming one of its senior leaders, Shigenobu played a significant role in establishing the International Relations Bureau for the organization.

 

In 1971, she helped found the JRA as an offshoot of the RAF. That same year, Shigenobu and the JRA relocated to the Middle East in an effort to start a world revolution, as well as to assist with the Palestinian struggle against Israeli occupation while working in concert with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). During the 1970s and 1980s, members of the JRA took part in a number of violent incidents, including bombings, mass shootings, and hijackings. Although Shigenobu did not directly participate in these activities, during this time she attained international fame as the leader and public-facing spokesperson for the JRA.[4]

 

Despite initially supporting armed resistance, in later years Shigenobu expressed remorse about her involvement with violent militancy, and focused on grassroots support for and solidarity with the Palestinian people.[4][5] Throughout her years in hiding and later imprisonment, Shigenobu authored 10 books, including a book of poetry.

 

Following her arrest in 2000 after several years of hiding, Shigenobu was put on trial for passport forgery and alleged conspiracy involving an attempted hostage-taking operation at the French Embassy in The Hague in 1974.[4] She was sentenced to 20 years in prison in 2006 and released in 2022.

 

Early life

Shigenobu was born on 28 September 1945 in the Setagaya ward of Tokyo.[6] Her father had served as a major in the Imperial Japanese Army and had been dispatched to Manchukuo. Prior to his military service, he was a teacher at a terakoya (寺子屋) (or temple school) for poor village children in Kyushu. A right-wing ultranationalist, he had been implicated in a failed prewar coup d'etat by military officers.[7] After the war, he worked as a grocer and Shigenobu grew up in relative poverty.[8] Although he remained staunchly right wing, Shigenobu's father was sympathetic to her activist impulses, and respected her militancy.[7] In later years, he consistently refused to apologize on behalf of his daughter for her actions, despite an intense pressure campaign to do so.[7]

 

After high school, Shigenobu went to work for the Kikkoman corporation in a soy sauce factory while taking night courses at Meiji University.[2] She eventually received a Bachelor of Arts in Political Economy and in History. In 1965, she joined the student movement at Meiji University that was protesting an increase in tuition fees.[9] In 1966, she joined the New Left group the Communist League, better known as the "Second Bund," and in 1969 she became a leading member of the group's "Red Army" splinter faction, which would eventually evolve into a separate group called the Japanese Red Army. During this time Shigenobu, renowned within the movement for her beauty and sex appeal, worked in a Tokyo hostess club and loyally turned over all her earnings to support the movement.[9]

 

JRA movement

 

 

 

By 1970, Shigenobu had risen to become the only woman on the Central Committee of the Red Army Faction.[10] However, she began to grow disenchanted by what she viewed as the sexism inherent in the Japanese New Left movement and the RAF in particular, and increasingly intrigued by the possibility of making common cause with the Palestinian liberation movement as a stepping stone on the path to world revolution. In February 1971, Shigenobu decided to relocate to the Middle East with a self-appointed mission to establish an international branch of the RAF for these purposes. To this end, she entered into a sham marriage with fellow militant Tsuyoshi Okudaira to secure his last name, because while "Fusako Shigenobu" was known to Japanese police, "Fusako Okudaira" was not.[11] Arriving in Beirut, Lebanon, in March 1971, the two activists did not act as a couple and lived in separate apartments.

 

Soon after arriving in Lebanon, Shigenobu split with the Red Army Faction in Japan due to both geographical and ideological distance, as well as a personal conflict with the new leader, Tsuneo Mori.[12] Mori's faction went on to link up with the Maoist Revolutionary Left Wing of the Japanese Communist Party to form the United Red Army, a separate group from Shigenobu's JRA. Upon hearing about the internal purge the United Red Army carried out in the winter of 1971–1972, Shigenobu recalled her shock and sorrow. She and Okudaira wrote My Love, My Revolution (わが愛わが革命) as a response, the title of which was a reference to Mitsuko Tokoro's influential essay collection My Love and Rebellion.[3]

 

Shigenobu remained in the Middle East for more than 30 years. Her move reflected the concept of "international revolutionary solidarity," with the idea that revolutionary movements should cooperate and eventually lead to a global socialist revolution. She originally joined the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) as a volunteer, but eventually the JRA became an independent group.[13] She mentions in several of her books that "the mission's purpose was to consolidate the international revolutionary alliance against the imperialists of the world."[14]

 

On 30 May 1972, three members of the JRA led by Okudaira carried out the Lod Airport massacre at Lod Airport in Israel. The attackers killed 26 innocent civilians, but one of the attackers was killed by friendly fire, and Okudaira was killed by a mishap with his own grenade. Shigenobu seems to have had advance knowledge of the attack, as she had written to friends in Japan advising them to be on the lookout for a "historic event" in the revolutionary struggle to take place in May 1972.[15]

 

On 1 March 1973 in Beirut, Lebanon, Shigenobu gave birth to her first and only daughter, Mei Shigenobu. The identity of the father remains a secret to the public, with it being reported that he was a militant for the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. Shigenobu has since written a book about her relationship with her daughter.[16][17]

 

On 20 July 1973, a group of hijackers led by JRA member Osamu Maruoka hijacked Japan Air Lines Flight 404 en route from Paris to Tokyo, demanding the release of JRA prisoners held by Israel and the Japanese government. When both governments refused their demands, they flew the plane to Libya where they blew up the 747 aircraft on the tarmac as a symbolic victory. The hijackers were arrested by Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi but Shigenobu negotiated their release in 1974.[18]

 

On 13 September 1974, three JRA members stormed the French embassy in The Hague, taking the ambassador and ten other people hostage, to demand the release of a fellow JRA member. A five-day standoff with police resulted in the release of the JRA member requested by the hostage-takers, the safe release of the hostages, and a safe flight out of the Netherlands for the attackers. Following the attack, Shigenobu was listed as a wanted person by the INTERPOL.[19]

 

On 5 August 1975, five JRA militants stormed the American Insurance Associates Building in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, taking more than 50 hostages, including the United States consul and the Swedish chargé d'affaires. The hostage takers demanded the release of seven Red Army prisoners in Japan, to which the Japanese government felt forced to comply (although two of the seven later refused to be released).[20]

 

Similarly in 1977, five JRA militants hijacked Japan Airlines Flight 472 over India and forced it to land in Dhaka, Bangladesh, forcing the Japanese Government to free six imprisoned members of the group and pay a $6M ransom.

 

Following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1978, Shigenobu and other militants were forced to flee to Libya. Thereafter, Shigenobu issued statements saying that the JRA would henceforce renounce "terror" tactics and pursue legal means.[21] Nevertheless, JRA members continued to become involved in violent incidents, including car bombing the Canadian embassy and firing mortar rounds at the American and Japanese embassies in Jakarta in 1986, and similar attacks against the American and in Rome in 1987, as well as a rocket attack on the US ambassador in Madrid that same year.[21] Shigenobu herself was also connected to the kidnapping of a Japanese businessman in the Philippines in 1986.

 

The final JRA-linked attack occurred on 14 April 1988, when a powerful car bomb exploded outside the United Service Organizations (USO) military recreational club in downtown Naples, Italy, killing five people (only one of them an American), and injuring 15 others. The attack was carried out by JRA member Junzō Okudaira (the younger brother of Shigenobu's deceased husband Tsuyoshi Okudaira), and occurred on the second anniversary of the 1986 United States bombing of Libya, where Shigenobu and the other JRA members were then residing under Colonel Gaddafi's protection.

 

Arrest

 

 

In 2000, Osaka Prefectural Police Public Safety Section 3 was investigating supporters of the Japanese Red Army and began to investigate a person who was in contact with a person who looked similar in appearance to Shigenobu.[citation needed]

 

Shigenobu was characterized by a birthmark on her face, but she hid her birthmark with makeup. Fingerprints were collected from a coffee cup at a cafe that she frequented and used to identify her as Shigenobu.

 

Shigenobu was arrested on 8 November 2000, outside a hotel in Takatsuki, Osaka Prefecture,[22][23] after entering Japan illegally through Kansai International Airport using a forged passport that she obtained by impersonating another person some time between 1997 and 2000.[24] Shigenobu was using the alias "Fusako Okudaira," with which the arresting officers greeted her in order to gain her attention when they approached her.[citation needed] The same day she was transported to Tokyo to be interrogated by the Metropolitan Police Department although it was reported that she refused to answer any of her interrogators' questions.[25] When Shigenobu spotted the waiting cameras, she raised her hands and gave the thumbs-up, shouting at reporters: "I'll fight on!"[citation needed]

 

In April 2001, while imprisoned awaiting trial, Shigenobu formally disbanded the Japanese Red Army in a statement to the press faxed from her prison.[26]

 

Trial

 

 

 

After a lengthy trial, Shigenobu was sentenced to 20 years in prison on 8 March 2006.

 

The prosecution charged her on three counts, the use of forged passport, aiding another member in the JRA in obtaining a forged passport, and attempted manslaughter by planning and commanding the 1974 occupation and hostage taking at the French embassy in The Hague, the Netherlands. Shigenobu pleaded guilty to the first two charges, but not guilty to the charge linking her to the 1974 embassy hostage taking. Among the witnesses that appeared in her court for the defense was Leila Khaled, known for the 1969 hijacking of TWA Flight 840, and currently a member of the Palestinian National Council.

 

Prosecutors argued that the Japanese Red Army issued a statement the day after the Hague attack and asked the Palestinian Liberation People's Front (PFLP) in other Japanese Red Army publications to coordinate with them.[citation needed] Based on the testimonies of former JRA members, who testified that Shigenobu had scolded them for lack of preparation at a meeting after the incident, and accused her of masterminding the attack, prosecutors sought a sentence of life imprisonment.[citation needed]

 

In response to these charges, Samidoun, the Palestinian Prisoner Solidarity Network, argued that the prosecutors lacked evidence for Shigenobu's direct involvement and relied on "forced" confessions which were retracted at the time of the trial.[4] Shigenobu herself maintained her innocence in the French embassy incident.[5]

 

In his final verdict, Judge Hironobu Murakami of Tokyo District Court found on 23 February 2006 that Shigenobu "played an important role in asking cooperating organizations to procure weapons and coordinate with countries that accept released compatriots." However, Murakami stated that there was no conclusive evidence of her involvement in the armed occupation of the embassy that resulted in the injury of two policemen, or in the intention of attempted manslaughter. Therefore the judge ruled that "a sentence of life imprisonment is too heavy," because while Shigenobu was a leader she did not control the entire organization. However, the judge did find Shigenobu guilty of the lesser charge of conspiring with others to attack the embassy, and sentenced her to 20 years in prison on 8 March 2006.[27][28][29]

 

Appeals and imprisonment

 

 

 

Shigenobu's daughter Mei Shigenobu and chief attorney Kyoko Otani filed an appeal on the same day as Shigenobu's sentencing.[citation needed]

 

On 20 December 2007, the Tokyo High Court upheld the lower court's decision and dismissed the appeal.[30]

 

Shigenobu filed another appeal, but on 15 July 2010, the decision was made to reject it and the sentence was confirmed.[31]

 

Shigenobu filed an objection to the decision to reject the appeal, but on 4 August 2010, the Supreme Court of Japan's No. 2 Small Court (Yukio Takeuchi, Chief Justice presiding) reject the Shigenobu's final appeal, and the sentence of 20 years in prison was finalized.[citation needed]

 

However, as Shigenobu had already served 810 days in prison, her sentence was reduced by time served to 17 years and Shigenobu's release was planned for 2022.[32]

 

Life in prison

 

 

 

In 2001, Shigenobu formally announced the dissolution of the Red Army from her prison cell and proclaimed the armed struggle over. She declared,

 

If I am released I will continue the fight, but through peaceful means. The armed struggle was closely related to historical circumstances, and what is right in one time and place may not be right in another."[33]

 

At a press conference before her sentencing in February 2006, her lawyers read out a haiku she had composed, reading:

 

This verdict is not the end.

 

 

It is only the beginning.

 

 

 

Strong will shall keep spreading.[34]

 

In 2008, Shigenobu was diagnosed with both colon cancer and intestinal cancer and has had several operations to remove them.[35] As of 2014 Shigenobu was detained in Hachioji Medical Prison where she was recovering from her medical procedures.[16]

 

In June 2009, in an extremely rare interview with the Sankei Shimbun, Shigenobu said of her past activities, "We were just university students. We thought we knew everything. We thought we were going to change the world. We didn't realize that in fact we were just causing trouble for everyone."[36]

 

Shigenobu added,

 

We only resorted to armed struggle because the movement had stalled. Although similar student movements were taking place all around the world, not all of them resorted to armed struggle. Some people went back to their home towns and continued the movement at the local level. People have friends and family in their home towns, people who can help them out and restrain them if they start to go too far. If we had gone back to our home towns and continued the movement there, we might have gotten different results.[36]

 

Release

 

 

On 28 May 2022, Shigenobu was released from prison in Tokyo,[37] met by a small crowd of supporters and a banner reading, "We love Fusako". Shigenobu commented that she would be focusing on her cancer treatment, explaining she would not be able to "contribute to society" given her condition, stating that she would continue to reflect on her past and "live more and more with curiosity."[5] The Tokyo Metropolitan Police said that she would be placed under surveillance after her release.[38]

 

In popular culture

 

 

Eileen MacDonald's 1991 book Shoot the Women First mistakenly conflates Shigenobu with Hiroko Nagata, attributing to her the actions of Nagata at the United Red Army purge of 1971–1972.[39]

 

 

PANTA, Japanese rock singer and longtime friend of Shigenobu, released his album Oriibu no Ki no shitade in 2007. Shigenobu wrote some of the lyrics.

 

 

The actress Anri Ban portrayed her in the Kōji Wakamatsu film United Red Army (2007).

 

 

In 2008, artist Anicka Yi and architect Maggie Peng created a perfume dedicated to Shigenobu, called Shigenobu Twilight.[40]

 

 

In 2010, Shigenobu and her daughter Mei were featured in the documentary Children of the Revolution, which premiered at the International Documentary Festival Amsterdam.

 

 

Publications

 

 

 

1974: My Love, My Revolution『わが愛わが革命』 Kodansha.[41]

1983: 『十年目の眼差から』 話の特集、ISBN 4826400667

1984: If You Put Your Ear to the Earth, You Can Hear the Sound of Japan: Lessons from The Japanese Communist Movement 『大地に耳をつければ日本の音がする 日本共産主義運動の訓』ウニタ書ISBN 4750584096

1984: Beirut, Summer 1982 『ベイル1982年夏』話の特集、ISBN 4826400829

1985: Materials: Reports from the Middle East 1 『資料中東レポト』1(日本赤軍との共編著)、ウニタ書[42]

1986: Materials: Reports from the Middle East 2 『資料中東レポト』2(日本赤軍との共編著)、ウニタ書[43]

2001: I Decided to Give Birth to You Under an Apple Tree 『りんごの木の下であなたを産もうと決めた』幻冬ISBN 434400082X

2005: Jasmine in the Muzzle of a Gun: Collected Poems of Shigenobu Fusako 『ジャスミンを銃口に 重信房子歌集』幻冬ISBN 4344010159

2009: A Personal History of the Japanese Red Army: Together with Palestine 『日本赤軍私史 パレスチナと共に』河出書房新社、ISBN 978-4309244662

2012: Season of the Revolution: From the Battlefield in Palestine 『革命の季節 パレスチナの場から』幻冬ISBN 9784344023147

 

 

 

 

See also

flag     Japan portal

         Communism portal

 

 

Japanese Red Army

 

Red Army Faction (Japan)

 

Anti-Japaneseism

East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front

 

Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)

Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee

 

Zengakuren

References

 

Citations

 

 

 

 Kapur, Nick (15 July 2022). "The Japanese Student Movement in the Cold War Crucible, 1945-1972" (PDF). The Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 20 (14): 17.

 Shigenobu Fusako. りんごの木の下であなたを産もうと決めた. ("I Decided to Give Birth to You Under an Apple Tree"). Tokyo: Gentosha, 2001. p. 36

 Schieder, Chelsea Szendi (22 January 2021). Coed Revolution: The Female Student in the Japanese New Left. Duke University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-4780-1297-9. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.

 "Fusako Shigenobu: The face of Japan's female armed resistance". Arab News. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2023.

 "Japanese Red Army founder Shigenobu freed from prison". www.aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera. 28 May 2022. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

 Shigenobu Fusako. りんごの木の下であなたを産もうと決めた. ("I Decided to Give Birth to You Under an Apple Tree"). Tokyo: Gentosha, 2001. p. 15

 Andrews 2016, p. 208.

 Andrews 2016, pp. 208–209.

 Andrews 2016, p. 209.

 Steinhoff, Patricia G. (2017). "Transnational Ties of the Japanese Armed Left: Shared Revolutionary Ideas and Direct Personal Contacts". In Álvarez, Alberto Martín; Tristán, Eduardo Rey (eds.). Revolutionary Violence and the New Left: Transnational Perspectives. Routledge. p. 175. ISBN 9781138184411.

 Andrews 2016, p. 210.

 Andrews 2016, p. 217.

 Shigenobu. "A Personal History of the Japanese Red Army".

 Craig, John (2012). Heroes, Rogues, and Spies. Lulu.com. p. 191. ISBN 9781105584589.

 Andrews 2016, pp. 217–218.

 McNeill, David (4 July 2014). "Mei Shigenobu's words continue the fight for her mother's cause". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.

 "Terrorists' 4 Daughters Share Their Life Secrets". Los Angeles Times. 1 June 2001. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.

 Andrews 2016, p. 218.

 "'Empress of terror': Japanese Red Army founder released from prison". The Guardian. 28 May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.

 Andrews 2016, p. 220.

 Andrews 2016, p. 221.

 "Japanese Red Army leader arrested". BBC. 8 November 2000. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2016.

 Fighel, Jonathan (Col. Ret.) (9 November 2000) Japanese Red Army Founder Arrested in Japan Archived 20 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, Retrieved 16 January 2016

 "Japanese Red Army founder gets 20 years". NBC News. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.

 "Police nab Red Army founder Shigenobu". The Japan Times. 9 November 2000. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.

 Andrews 2016, p. 228.

 グ事件 重信房子被告に懲役20年 東京地裁判決 [The Hague Case Fusako Shigenobu is sentenced to 20 years in prison Tokyo District Court Decision]. People's Daily (in Japanese). 23 February 2006. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.

 Japanese Red Army Leader Gets 20 Years in Prison Archived 24 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Palestine Press, 23 February 2007

 "日本赤軍 | 際テロリズム要2020 | 公安調査". Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2020.

 重信被告、2審も懲役20年=「凶際テロ」-日本赤軍ハグ事件東京高裁 [Shigenobu Defendant, 2nd trial 20 years in prison = "Brutal international terrorism"-Japanese Red Army Hague case, Tokyo High Court] (in Japanese). 20 December 2007. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2020.

 重信被告の懲役20年が確定へ 日本赤軍元最高幹部 最高裁が上告棄却 [Shigenobu defends 20 years in prison Former Supreme Executive of the Japanese Red Army Supreme Court rejected appeal]. Nikkei Shinbun (in Japanese). 16 July 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.

 47NEWS (16 November 2020). "際テロの「魔女」逮捕、20年目の真実 刑期了で2022年に出所へ 47NEWS" [International Terrorism 'Witch' Arrested, 20th Year Truth to Release from Prison in 2022 at the End of Sentence | 47NEWS]. 47NEWS (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

 McCurry, Justin (12 December 2008). "Founder of Japan's Red Army in final appeal for freedom". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.

 Colin Joyce (24 February 2006) Japan's Red Army founder is jailed Archived 6 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, telegraph.co.uk, Retrieved 16 January 2016.

 AFP-JIJI, KYODO (28 May 2022). "Japanese Red Army founder Fusako Shigenobu freed from prison after 20 years". The Japan Times. Retrieved 17 April 2023.

 Kawai Takashi (25 June 2009). "【さらば革命的世代】番外編 テロリストの女王重信房子被告に聞く" [Farewell to the Revolutionary GenerationExtras: Interview with Terrorist Queen Fusako Shigenobu]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2010.

 Japanese Red Army militant leader released after 20-yr prison stint Archived 28 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine - Kyodo News(05/27/2022)

 日本放送協. "日本赤軍の重信房子元最高幹部 20年の刑期を終えて出所 | NHK" [Former Chief Executive of the Japanese Red Army Fusako Shigenobu released after 20 years in prison]. NHKニュ (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

 MacDonald, Eileen (1991). Shoot the women first. New York: Random House. pp. xx–xxi. ISBN 0-679-41596-3. OCLC 25315480.

 "Shigenobu Twilight". Shigenobu Twilight. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

 "Webcat Plus" わが愛わが革命. Webcat Plus (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 8 March 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

 "Webcat Plus" 資料中東レポ. Webcat Plus (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 8 March 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

 "Webcat Plus" 中東レポト〈2. Webcat Plus (in Japanese). Webcatplus-equal.nii.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 8 March 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

 

2022년 한국 언론보도. 

 

77세 할머니가 돼 출소한 ‘일본 적군’ 우두머리 “50년 전 일 사과”


-2022-05-29 05:20 


1974년 네덜란드 헤이그 주재 프랑스 대사관을 점거하도록 배후 조종한 혐의로 2000년 일본 오사카에서 체포돼 20년을 감옥에서 보낸 일본적군 우두머리 시게노부 후사코(왼쪽)가 28일 교도소에서 풀려나와 딸 메이가 지켜보는 가운데 출소 소감을 밝히고 있다. 교도통신 AP 연합뉴스 


▲ 1974년 네덜란드 헤이그 주재 프랑스 대사관을 점거하도록 배후 조종한 혐의로 2000년 일본 오사카에서 체포돼 20년을 감옥에서 보낸 일본적군 우두머리 시게노부 후사코(왼쪽)가 28일 교도소에서 풀려나와 딸 메이가 지켜보는 가운데 출소 소감을 밝히고 있다.



1970년대 세계 각국에서 많은 테러공격, 납치, 공중납치 사건을 일으킨 일본 극좌 테러조직 ‘일본 적군’의 공동 창립자인 시게노부 후사코가 20년의 형기를 마치고 28일 출소했다고 현지 NHK 방송과 영국 BBC가 보도했다. 올해 77세가 되는 시게노부는 이날 동일본성인교정의료센터를 출소한 직후 기자들과 만나 “살아서 나왔음을 실감하고 있다”며 “50년 전 인질을 잡는 등 무고한 이들에게 사과하며 반성한다”고 말했다.

시게노부는 1974년 네덜란드 헤이그 주재 프랑스 대사관 점거 사건을 배후에서 조종한 혐의로 경찰의 추적을 받았으나 수십년 동안 검거망을 피해 다녔다. 세 명의 적군 요원들은 대사와 수많은 다른 이를 인질로 붙잡아 100시간 동안 감금했다. 프랑스가 적군 요원 한 명을 석방했고, 이들은 시리아로 달아날 수 있었다.

30년 동안 중동 지역에서 살아 온 시게노부는 2000년 오사카에서 검거돼 살인미수와 불법감금 혐의로 기소됐다. 요르단에서 추방했기 때문이었다. 그녀는 직접 테러 공격에 가담하지 않았지만 일본 법원은 2006년에 공격 계획을 짜는 데 일조했다며 징역 20년형을 선고했다.

그녀는 AFP 통신 인터뷰를 통해 “반세기 전의 일이다. 하지만 우리의 싸움을 우선시하는 바람에 납치 사건처럼 낯 모르는 무고한 이들에게 폐를 끼친 것에 대해 사과한다”고 밝혔다. 시게노부는 이전에도 1972년 이스라엘 텔아비브 공항 습격으로 26명이 죽게 만든 것에 대해서도 유감을 표했다.


시세노부 후사코(오른쪽)의 1985년 모습. AFP 자료사진


▲ 시세노부 후사코(오른쪽)의 1985년 모습.
AFP 자료사진

일본적군은 일본 내 극좌 단체인 ‘적군파(연합적군)’ 간부들이 1971년 레바논으로 건너가 결성한 단체다. 이들은 팔레스타인 무장단체들과 연계해 1972년 이스라엘 텔아비브 공항 습격 사건, 2년 뒤 헤이그 주재 프랑스 대사관 습격 사건 등 숱한 테러 사건에 관여했다. 원래 두 개의 극좌 조직이 연합해 결성됐지만 분파 대립이 너무 심해 호전적인 요원들이 동료 14명을 집단 처형하는 끔찍한 만행으로 일본 사회를 큰 충격에 빠뜨렸다.

경찰에 쫓기던 잔당 5명이 가루이자와 소재 아사마 산장에서 열흘 동안 30명의 사상자를 낸 무장농성 ‘아사마 산장 사건’은 NHK의 중계가 일본 방송 역사상 최고의 시청률 90%를 기록하는 동시에 일본 좌파 운동에 있어 하나의 조종(弔鐘)이 됐다.

시게노부는 체포된 이듬해 일본적군의 해산을 선언하고 법적 테두리 안에서의 투쟁을 하겠다고 선언했다. 하지만 이 그룹의 마지막 행동은 1988년까지 이어졌다. 이탈리아에 있는 미군 클럽을 겨냥해 폭탄을 실은 트럭을 영내에 진입시키려 했다.

경찰은 아직도 검거하지 못한 일본적군 잔당 7명의 행방을 계속 추적하고 있다.

임병선 평화연구소 사무국장

 

 

 

2009년 한겨레 21 보도.

 

60대 혁명 여전사의 포기할 수 없는 희망


도쿄구치소에서 만난 일본적군 지도자 시게노부 후사코 “국경을 넘은 시민연대로 새 세상 열어야”
김도형기자구독


등록 2009-08-13 10:27 수정 2020-05-02 04:25

 

 


1968년 메이지대 학생 시절 시게노부 후사코가 집회에 참석한 모습. 긴 생머리는 당시 시게노부의 트레이드마크였다. 사진 시게노부 후사코를 지원하는 모임 제공



도쿄구치소로 가는 길은 의외로 가까웠다. 지난 7월14일 아침 일찍 집 가까운 역에서 출발해 한 번 갈아타고 30분 남짓 만에 도쿄구치소 면회소에 도착했다. 면회 대상자 신청용지에 ‘시게노부 후사코’(重信房子)라는 수인의 이름을 쓴 뒤 ‘관계’란에 사실대로 ‘기자’라고 쓸까 하다 ‘지인’이라고 적었다. 사전에 면회 예약을 해준 시게노부의 후원조직 관계자가 기자 신분을 밝히면 면회가 되지 않을지도 모르니 지인이라고 쓰는 게 좋겠다고 권유해 이를 따랐다.

1평 남짓한 2층 면회실에 들어가자마자 곧바로 시게노부 후사코가 여교도관과 함께 들어왔다. 올 2월 암 수술을 받은 64살 초로의 혁명전사라고는 믿어지지 않을 정도로 해맑은 얼굴이었다. 온몸으로 풍기는 풍모는 적어도 ‘테러의 여왕’이란 별명과는 걸맞지 않았다. 그는 기자를 보자마자 면회 신청자와 수감자 사이에 설치된 칸막이 유리벽에 손바닥을 내밀었다. 예상치 못한 행동에 기자도 손바닥을 마주 댔다. ‘전공투(전학공투회의·1960년대 말~70년대 초 일본 학생운동 세력)의 마돈나’라는 또 다른 별명이 생각났다. ‘그 별칭의 정체는 다름 아니라 처음 만나는 사람도 자기 쪽으로 끌어들이는 친화력이 아닌가’라는 생각이 들었다.

테러 혐의로 20년형 선고받아
면회 허용 시간은 단 10분. 1970년대 팔레스타인 해방운동을 위해 유럽 등지에서 각종 테러를 자행한 혐의로 2000년 일본 오사카에서 체포돼 20년형을 선고받고 최종 판결을 기다리고 있는 ‘일본적군’ 최고책임자에게 준비한 질문을 던져야 했다.

단도직입적으로 무장투쟁 노선에 대한 반성부터 물었다. 지난 6월 <산케이신문>에 실린, 자신의 과격한 운동 방식을 후회하는 듯한 그의 인터뷰 내용을 직접 확인하고 싶었기 때문이다. 그의 입에서 곧바로 무장투쟁 노선은 올바르지 않았다는 답이 돌아왔다. 팔레스타인 인민들과 생활하면서 자신들의 무장투쟁 노선이 얼마나 관념적이었는지 깨닫고, 또한 1970년대 말 남미의 해방신학자들과 접촉하면서 민중의 삶 속에 뿌리 내린 변혁운동의 필요성을 절감하면서 이미 그때 노선을 변경했다는 이야기를 듣다 보니 10분의 면회 시간이 후딱 지나갔다.

시게노부는 면회실을 나가기 전 또다시 기자에게 유리창 칸막이로 손바닥을 내밀었다. 구치소 면회소를 나오면서 바로 앞의 가게에서 그가 좋아한다는 장미 한 다발과 오렌지 여섯 알을 사서 영치해줄 것을 부탁했다. 그리고 집으로 돌아오는 길에 다 묻지 못한 인터뷰 질문이 담긴 편지를 부쳤다.

기자가 시게노부 후사코에게 관심을 갖게 된 것은 지난해 3월 일본의 반체제 영화감독인 와카마쓰 고지(72)의 <실록 연합적군 아사마산장에의 도정>이라는 다큐멘터리 영화를 보면서였다. 1972년 2월 산악 군사훈련 과정을 전후해 동료 14명을 공산주의화 명목으로 린치·살해해 일본 학생운동을 결정적인 궤멸 상태로 빠트린 ‘연합적군 사건’이 왜 발생했는지를 학생운동 내부의 시각에서 객관적으로 그린 작품이다. 이 영화에 시게노부가 중요한 인물 중 한 명으로 등장한다. 가난한 집안에서 태어나 상고를 졸업한 뒤 간장회사에 다니면서도 향학의 꿈을 포기하지 않고 1965년 메이지대학 야간학부 사학과에 진학한 그는 교사를 꿈꾸고 시를 좋아하는 평범한 문학소녀였다. 우연히 등록금 인상 반대 데모에 참가하게 된 그는 일본공산당마저 체제 내 세력이라며 배척하는 급진 신좌익 운동권에 합류하면서 급속도로 혁명전사로 변신하게 된다. 전공투 운동의 과격화 과정에는 당국의 책임도 있다는 게 그의 주장이다.

“우리는 과격파로 불렸지만 그것은 권력과의 공방의 결과이기도 했다. 당시 더욱 폭력적인 것은 공안경찰이었다. 멋대로 ‘별건체포’하거나 파출소 안에서 밤중에 폭력을 휘두르기도 했다. 지금 생각해보면 가장 과격한 집단은 적군파보다 권력의 첨병인 공안당국이었다.”

그가 사회변혁 운동에 눈뜬 데는 아버지의 영향도 있는 것으로 보인다. 딸과는 정반대로 젊은 시절 우익 테러활동에 참가한 아버지이지만 “아름다운 산하의 일본은 악덕한 배금주의 정치가와 관료들에 의해 점점 악화됐다”는 젊은 시절 이야기를 어린 딸에게 들려주었다고 한다. 아랍으로 가려는 딸에게 먼저 조국을 알아야 한다고 충고하기도 했지만, 쇄도하는 비난 전화에는 “딸을 믿고 있다”며 끝까지 딸을 감쌌다.

 

 



2000년 11월8일 오사카에서 체포된 뒤 도쿄역에서 경찰에 인도되는 시게부(왼쪽/REUTERS/ TOSHIYUKI AIZAWA). 1970년대 중동에서 딸 메이를 안고 있는 시게노부(가운데). 메이는 결혼한 남편 오쿠다이라 쓰요시가 아니라 팔레스타인 남자와의 사이에서 태어났다. 1971년 레바논 출국을 위해 오쿠다이라와 위장결혼을 했다는 설도 있다.  대학 시절 기모노를 입은 시게노부 후사코(오른쪽). 기모노를 입은 모습은 매우 드물다. 시게노부 후사코를 지원하는 모임 제공.



레바논 건너가 팔레스타인 해방운동

 


적군파 조직에 참가한 시게노부는 1971년 2월 적군파의 투쟁 노선인 국제근거지론에 입각해 팔레스타인 문제의 해결이야말로 세계 동시 혁명의 요체라는 생각으로 레바논으로 건너갔다. 그 뒤 시게노부 등은 팔레스타인해방기구의 좌파 단체인 팔레스타인해방인민전선(PFLP)의 지휘 아래 이스라엘 텔아비브 총기 난사 사건을 비롯해 대사관 점거와 항공기 납치 사건 등 각종 ‘무장투쟁’을 감행하다 1974년 12월 적군파와는 별도 조직인 ‘일본적군’을 결성했다.

짧은 옥중 인터뷰로는 충분히 묻지 못한 질문에 대한 답변이 면회 열흘 뒤쯤 9장짜리의 두툼한 편지에 담겨 도착했다. 때마침 출간된 그의 저서 <일본적군 사사(개인사)-팔레스티나와 함께>도 궁금중 해소에 도움이 됐다.

시게노부는 편지에서 자신의 운동 노선이 올바랐느냐는 질문에 “그렇지 않다”며 그 이유를 자세히 서술했다.

“사회운동, 학원투쟁, 지역투쟁, 노조운동, 반전투쟁 등 다양한 차원의 투쟁이 있었지만 우리는 혁명과 무장투쟁으로 해결의 길을 찾았다. 상황을 고려해서 전술·전략을 세운 것이 아니라 상황에 쫓기고, 그런 가운데 승리를 위한 투쟁의 방도로서 어떻게 하면 권력을 타도할까라는, (대중성이나 사회성을 결여한) 권력과의 공방에 눈을 빼앗기고 말았다고 생각한다.”

그가 보기에 ‘연합적군 사건’이란 끔찍한 사태도 “무장투쟁에 대한 환상을 갖고 돌진한 데서 생긴 것”이다. 사건 당시 아랍에 있던 그는 라디오에서 연합적군의 동료 살해 사건을 듣고 주저앉아 통곡했다. 같은 적군파에 소속돼 운동을 같이 했던 절친한 여자친구도 살해됐다. 그는 사건 직후 발표한 성명에서 “이런 혁명은 필요 없다. 동료를 살해할 권리는 누구도 갖지 못한다. 동지들은 당신들의 혁명의 사물화를 결코 용서할 수 없다”고 비판했다.

그는 팔레스타인인과 함께 생활하면서 “무장투쟁이라는 방법을 자기 목적화해온 우리 투쟁의 존재 방식을 되돌아보게 됐다”고 한다.

“팔레스타인과 아랍은 환상의 ‘무장투쟁’이 아니라 역사·사회·정치적인 근거를 갖고 인민운동으로 무장투쟁에 의해 조국을 해방하려는 싸움의 장소였다. 그 지역, 그 나라의 역사와 조건에 비춰 투쟁의 방도가 있고 팔레스타인에는 팔레스타인의 투쟁이 있는데, 우리는 자신을 협소화한 투쟁밖에 해오지 못했다고 반성했다. 무장투쟁으로 나가기 이전에 좀더 다양한 방법과 전술로 사회변혁의 요구를 실현하는 투쟁을 해오지 못했다고, 안이하게 무장투쟁이라는 방법에만 의지했다고 생각한다.”

그는 노선뿐 아니라 적군파를 포함해 당시 일본 학생운동권의 조직 운영 방식과 체질에 대해서도 신랄한 자기반성을 했다.

“자신들의 ‘올바름’과 ‘유일당’이라는 코민테른 제3인터내셔널 이후의 체질을 당은 줄곧 가지고 있었다. 그 때문에 자신들의 올바름을 증명하는 데 가치를 부여한 채 ‘우치게바’(당파 간 폭력적 싸움)라는, 있어서는 안 되는 비극적인 독선에 빠졌다. 이런 잘못된 리더십이 운동의 주도권을 잡게 되면서 운동에 부정적인 영향을 가져왔다.”

그는 몇 년 전 옥중 면회를 온, 전 적군파 의장이자 당파 싸움 끝에 반대 세력을 야밤 습격해 폭력적 해결 방식을 주도한 시오미 다카야(68)에게도 과거 운동 방식에 대한 강력한 반성을 요구했다고 일본적군의 옛 멤버이자 후원조직의 일원인 야마모토 마리코(69)는 귀띔했다.

연합적군 사건이라는 비극 이후에도 전공투 운동의 전면에 나섰던 ‘주카쿠파’(중핵파)와 ‘가쿠마루파’(혁명 마르크스주의파)는 같은 뿌리임에도 1970년대 끊임없는 우치게바로 100명의 사상자를 내 학생운동에 대한 환멸감을 증폭시켰다. “대의를 위해서는 무엇을 해도 좋다”는 사고가 당시 운동권에 만연했다고 그는 말했다.

그는 조직 운영에서 개선했어야 하는 점이 무엇이냐는 질문에 “사람들의 자치·자결·자립과 연대로 진정한 의미에서 민주주의를 쟁취하는 다양한 활동과 투쟁을 축으로 재구축해야 하는 것”이라며 대사관 점거와 비행기 납치 등 일본적군의 맹목적인 무장투쟁에 반성을 드러내기도 했다.

“양심과 휴머니즘에 비춰 주저하게 되는 투쟁은 결국 자신들을 불건전하게 만든다. 우리도 1970년대 인질작전 등을 했다. 다른 사람의 여권을 부정하게 사용하기도 했다. 혁명의 프로세스가 건전하면 전망 또한 건전하게 된다.”

그러면서도 그는 “과거와 같은 방식의 혁명은 아니지만 더욱더 (혁명이) 필요한 세계가 돼가고 있다고 생각한다”며 여전히 혁명을 꿈꾼다고 말했다. 특히 지난해 말부터 거세게 불어닥친 세계 동시 불황과 함께 신자유주의식 글로벌 경제체제의 문제점이 드러나면서 그의 투쟁 의욕은 어느새 학생 시절로 돌아간 듯했다.

“현재 세계가 근본적으로 전환을 꾀하는 시대로 돌입하고 있음을 후대 역사가들은 기술할 것이다. 그러나 국제기구를 비롯해 현재 각국 정치·경제의 지도력으로는 변혁이 불가능할 것이다. 또한 파탄난 대증요법을 거듭한 채 희생을 국민에게 떠넘기고 있다. 자본주의 패러다임의 변화가 요구되고 있다고 생각한다. 그러나 이를 위해 과거 소련과 동구, 중국처럼 국가 관료와 권력을 강화하는 방법이 아니라, 법에 따른 평등화의 방향으로 사회제도의 변화를 요구하는 새로운 이론이나 정책이 태어날 것이다.”

“자각한 시민…” 노무현의 말 인용

그는 뜻밖에도 새로운 패러다임의 가능성을 노무현 전 대통령의 말 속에서 찾아냈다.

“당신의 나라 전 대통령은 ‘민주주의의 최후 보루는 자각한 시민의 조직화된 힘’이라는 말을 즐겨 사용했다. 자국의 권력에 대한 이의 제기와 변혁을 횡적 연대로 해서, 국경을 넘은 시민의 힘이 새로운 패러다임을 열어젖히는 힘이 될 것이라고 생각한다.”

그렇다면 한때 세계 동시 혁명을 꿈꿨던 옛 혁명전사에게 새로운 패러다임의 구체적 내용은 무엇일까? “변혁의 시대에 무엇보다 ‘자명’한 것으로 생각해 깊이 생각하지 않았던 일본 헌법 9조(해외에서 무력 불사용)를 철저히 실현함으로써 일본에서 변혁의 실마리를 찾는 것이다. 아시아 침략에 대해 반성하고 핵 없는 세계에 대한 염원을 주도하는 일본으로 변혁해가도록 민주주의의 힘, 자각된 시민의 한 사람이 되고 싶다.”

과거 기존 체제를 폭력을 써서라도 타도하거나 바꾸려던 그의 혁명 목표는 40년 세월을 지나 소박하지만 소중한 평화운동으로 바뀌어 있었다.



같으면서 다른 적군파·연합적군·일본적군
1970년대 세계혁명 목표로 무장투쟁

적군파, 연합적군, 일본적군.
일본 공안당국은 1960~70년대 일본과 유럽, 중동 지역을 뒤흔들어놓은 이 세 조직을 ‘과격파’라는 한 묶음으로 규정하고 있다. 그러나 이들 조직은 서로 같으면서 다른 조직이다.
1969년 9월 결성된 적군파를 뿌리로 연합적군과 일본적군이 나중에 결성됐다. 적군파 지도부의 주요 구성원들은 같은 해 가을 총리 관저 습격을 준비하기 위해 산악지역에서 군사훈련을 받던 중 대부분 검거됐다. 이듬해 3월31일 세계혁명근거지론을 실행한다며 일본 요도호 여객기를 납치해 북한에 망명한 납치범들이 바로 적군파 원조 멤버였다.
모리 쓰네오 등 적군파 잔존 세력이 학생운동권인 전학공투회의(전공투)의 마우쩌둥주의자들과 손잡고 만든 조직이 연합적군이다. 1972년 2월 군사훈련을 전후해 동료를 다수 살해하는 사건을 저질러 이후 학생운동을 파탄 상태에 몰아넣은 것도 이들이다.
일본적군 멤버들은 1974년 12월 조직이 공식 결성되기 이전부터 ‘아랍적군’이란 이름으로 팔레스타인 해방운동의 무장투쟁 조직인 팔레스타인해방인민전선(PFPL)의 지휘를 받아 각종 무장투쟁에 참가했다. 1972년 일본인 동료 2명과 함께 이스라엘 텔아비브 공항에서 총기를 난사해 100명의 사상자를 낸 뒤 총격전 과정에서 숨진 오쿠다이라 쓰요시(시게노부의 남편으로, 위장결혼설도 있음)는 테러리스트의 대명사로 불리지만, 중동에서는 영웅 대우를 받는다. 일본적군은 시게노부의 체포와 적군파 멤버 5명의 강제 송환 등을 계기로 2001년 4월 무력 노선 포기를 선언하고 해산했다.
도쿄(일본)=김도형 특파원 aip209@hani.co.kr