2022년 브라질 대선 주제. 아마존 숲 파괴 (산림 파괴. 탈산림화 deforestation) . 우파 볼사나로와 룰라 재임 기간 '숲 파괴. 탈살림화' 규모 비교.

룰라 대통령 재임 기간 초창기에는 숲파괴가 감소하지 않았다가, 그 이후 지속적인 감소세를 보였다. 룰라 

우파 볼사나로 재임 기간 중에는 숲파괴 규모가 점점 더 증가했음.

2005년 룰라 집권기 숲파괴 규모는 2만 7천 제곱 킬로미터에 육박, 최고치를 기록.

2009년 룰라 퇴임시기에는 6500 제곱 킬로미터 정도까지 감소.

 

볼사나로 집권기는 1만 제곱 킬로미터로 시작해서 1만 3000 제곱 킬로미터까지 증가함 (2019년~2021년 )

 

 

언론보도 자료.

 

https://www.bbc.com/news/63374100

Brazil election: Accusations and misinformation on the campaign trail

 

 

 

 

 

Brazil election: Accusations and misinformation on the campaign trail

Published

4 days ago

 

 

President Jair Bolsonaro and former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in debate

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

By Jake Horton & Juliana Gragnani

 

BBC Reality Check & World Service Disinformation Team

 

Claims about corruption, Covid, deforestation, and even cannibalism have grabbed attention on the campaign trail ahead of Brazil's presidential election vote this Sunday.

 

President Jair Bolsonaro is being challenged by former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in a second-round run-off.

 

We've looked at some of the main lines of attack for both candidates.

 

Satanism and cannibalism smears

 

Bolsonaro and Lula, who are both Catholic, have been seeking support among evangelical Christian voters, who make up almost a third of Brazil's population.

 

 

 

President Bolsonaro and his wife praying with evangelical leaders during the campaign

However, their strategies have been rife with religious disinformation.

 

 

One example of this is a video shared by two of Bolsonaro's sons and other politicians, in which a social influencer who describes himself as Satanist, declares his support for Lula.

 

The video went viral, alongside messages saying that Brazil would be running a "spiritual risk" if Lula was elected - despite the influencer having no relationship with the former president nor any influence on his policies.

 

Lula's campaign team released a statement rejecting any involvement with devil worship and the video was banned by the Electoral Court, the body overseeing the vote.

 

Lula with Franciscan friars

 

 

Lula at an event with Franciscan friars in São Paulo during the campaign

Meanwhile, Lula's campaign team has highlighted a 2016 New York Times interview with Bolsonaro in which he says he visited an indigenous community in Brazil that was allegedly cooking a dead person, and that he had asked to watch.

 

To see it, he recalls in the interview, he was told he'd have to join in the meal. "I would eat it," he said. "I'd have no problems in eating the indigenous person." But he added that his entourage did not want to go, and so he didn't, either.

 

Lula's campaign produced a video featuring the 2016 interview, saying: "It's monstrous. Bolsonaro reveals that he would eat human flesh."

 

Bolsonaro complained to the Electoral Court, which then banned Lula's campaign video, saying that it had portrayed the interview out of context.

 

Leaders of the Yanomami people, the indigenous group Bolsonaro was referencing, reject his claim and say that they do not practise cannibalism.

 

Protecting the Amazon rainforest

The rainforest plays a vital role in absorbing harmful carbon dioxide that would otherwise escape into the atmosphere, and about 60% of the Amazon is in Brazil.

 

Both candidates have claimed to have a better record at protecting it.

 

During a live presidential debate in October, Lula said: "In our government, [we had] the lowest deforestation in the Amazon, and in yours it is the highest every year."

 

Amazon forest

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Image caption,

 

Deforestation rate in the Amazon has increased in recent years

 

 

Bolsonaro replied: "Google 'deforestation from 2003 to 2006', in the four years of Lula's government. Then search for 'deforestation from 2019 to 2022'.

 

"During your government, twice as much was deforested as in mine," he added.

 

It's true the amount of ​​deforestation during the first three years of Bolsonaro's government is significantly less than in the same period under Lula - about 34,000km squared, compared with 71,000km, according the National Institute for Space Research (Inpe).

 

Deforestation chart

 

 

But after Lula's first two years in office, the rate of deforestation dropped significantly, and by the time he left office in January 2011, it had reached historic lows.

 

Under Bolsonaro, the rate of deforestation has gone up each year, continuing a trend that began a couple of years before he took office in January 2019.

 

He has implemented policies that critics say roll back crucial safeguards, and prosecutions against illegal logging have dropped during his time in office.

 

Corruption allegations

Corruption has been a central theme in the campaign.

 

Bolsonaro has highlighted a major corruption scandal, which began during Lula's time in office, when billions of dollars were stolen in bribes and overpriced oil contracts linked to the state-run oil company, Petrobras.

 

Lula himself was found guilty of involvement and in 2017 he was sent to prison. His conviction was annulled last year, enabling him to stand in this election.

 

For his part, Lula has pointed the finger at Bolsonaro for enabling corruption, and accusing him of losing control of the country's finances. By this he's referring to a "secret budget" included in the budget law passed in 2019, allowing for public funds to be spent by federal lawmakers with limited oversight.

 

Congress vote on vetoes and projects, including the Budget project.

IMAGE SOURCE,WALDEMIR BARRETO/AGÊNCIA SENADO

Image caption,

Congress now controls large sums of public money through non-transparent amendments

Bolsonaro denies having approved the scheme. "I vetoed it and [Congress] overrode the veto," he said during a debate on October 16.

 

That's not true. At first, in November 2019, Bolsonaro did veto the new mechanism included in the budget. One month later, however, the presidency itself sent Congress a new proposed bill, including the "secret" mechanism within it, and it was approved.

 

"It's an institutionalisation of corruption, a way of buying Congress using the country's budget," says Bruno Brandão, executive director of the Brazilian national chapter of Transparency International.

 

He points out that press and police investigations have shown there are widespread fraud schemes involved in the application of these public funds.

 

Tackling Covid

Bolsonaro has been accused of spreading misinformation about Covid vaccines, and has refused to get the jab himself.

 

Lula has heavily criticised Bolsonaro's efforts to control the pandemic.

 

He has highlighted the country's death toll, saying: "Brazil has 3% of the world population, and Brazil has had 11% of deaths from the pandemic in the world."

 

It's correct that Brazil has accounted for almost 11% of the world's official Covid deaths, with more than 687,000 recorded, according to Johns Hopkins University.

 

That's the second-highest official death toll in the world after the United States.

 

Covid deaths chart

It also has one of the highest recorded global death tolls as a proportion of its population - although not as high as neighbouring Peru.

 

But official figures may not fully reflect the true number of dead in many countries, as testing is not always available.

 

Lula has also questioned the amount of time it took to roll out Covid vaccines.

 

Defending his government's record, President Bolsonaro said: "We have purchased over 500 million doses of vaccine… and Brazil is one of the most vaccinated countries in the world and in the fastest time."

 

Bolsonaro rally

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Image caption,

President Bolsonaro continued to hold rallies with supporters throughout the pandemic

Bolsonaro's government has now purchased about 750 million doses, but its first orders went in much later than those of some other countries.

 

This meant vaccine delivery was delayed, and Brazil's rollout initially lagged behind many other countries in Latin America and around the world.

 

Brazil has now administered 220 doses per 100 people, but this is still below the levels of several other countries in the region, including Argentina, Chile and Peru.

 

2.

 

Amazon rainforest

 This article is more than 1 month old

Large parts of Amazon may never recover, major study says

This article is more than 1 month old

Swathes of rainforest have reached tipping point, research by scientists and Indigenous organisations concludes

 

Smoke rises from an illegally lit fire in a rainforest reserve south of Novo Progresso in Pará state, Brazil.

Smoke rises from an illegally lit fire in a rainforest reserve south of Novo Progresso in Pará state, Brazil. Photograph: Carl de Souza/AFP/Getty Images

Andrew Downie

Mon 5 Sep 2022 14.30 BST

Environmental destruction in parts of the Amazon is so complete that swathes of the rainforest have reached tipping point and might never be able to recover, a major study carried out by scientists and Indigenous organisations has found.

 

“The tipping point is not a future scenario but rather a stage already present in some areas of the region,” the report concludes. “Brazil and Bolivia concentrate 90% of all combined deforestation and degradation. As a result, savannization is already taking place in both countries.”

 

Scientists from the Amazonian Network of Georeferenced Socio-environmental Information (RAISG) worked with with the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin (Coica) to produce the study, Amazonia Against the Clock, one of the biggest so far, covering all nine of the nations that contain parts of the Amazon.

 

It found that only two of the nine, tiny Suriname and French Guiana, have at least half their forests still perfectly intact. In other countries, there is between 26% and 43% of forests perfectly intact, while between 2% and 25% of rainforest has been lost, with degradation of some remaining forest.

 

Amazonian Indigenous organisations representing 511 nations and allies are calling for a global pact for the permanent protection of 80% of the Amazon by 2025.

 

The 80% target is a massive challenge given that only 74% of the original forest remains. Urgent action is needed not only to protect the forest still standing but also to restore degraded land and get back to that 80% level.

 

“It’s difficult but doable,” said Alicia Guzmán, an Ecuadorian scientist who coordinated the report. “It is all dependent on the involvement of the Indigenous communities and people who live in the forest. That and the debt.”

 

Guzmán said giving Indigenous groups stewardship of more land – and crucially, providing state protection for it and removing legal loopholes that allow extractive industries in – was the surest way to guarantee preservation.

 

Almost half the Amazon has been designated either a protected area or Indigenous territory, and only 14% of all deforestation takes place there. Currently, about 100m hectares of Indigenous land are under dispute or awaiting formal government recognition.

 

“Having Indigenous people in the decision-making process means we count on the knowledge of those who know most about the forest,” said Guzmán. “And they need budgets.”

 

They also need their land to be safeguarded from land-grabbers and extractive industries.

 

Mining is one of the growing threats, with protected areas and Indigenous land among the areas most coveted by prospectors. Much of the mining is clandestine and illegal but around half in protected areas is done legally, and scientists called on governments to reject or revoke mining permits.

 

Oil is another threat, particularly in Ecuador, the source of 89% of all the crude exported from the region.

 

Oil blocks cover 9.4 % of the Amazon’s surface and 43% of them are in protected areas and Indigenous land. More than half the Ecuadorian Amazon is designated as an oil block, the report said, and the portions in Peru (31%), Bolivia (29%) and Colombia (28%) are also worrying.

 

Of even greater concern is farming. Agriculture is responsible for 84% of deforestation, and the amount of land given over to farming has tripled since 1985, according to the report. Brazil is one of the world’s main food exporters, with soy, beef and grains feeding large parts of the world and bringing in billions of dollars each year.

 

Sign up to First Edition

 

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A key recommendation of the study is more collaboration between regional governments, international financial institutions and the private equity firms that hold much of the debt owed by Amazonian nations.

 

Latin America is the most indebted region in the developing world and writing off that debt in return for preservation commitments would be significant.

 

“They have a unique opportunity before them to forgive existing debt in exchange for commitments to end industrial extraction and promote protections in key priority areas, indigenous territories and protected areas,” the report says.

 

Among the other 13 “solutions” proposed in the report are: a complete suspension of new licensing and financing for mining, oil, cattle ranching, large dams, logging, and other such activities; increased transparency and accountability along supply chains; the restoration of deforested land; new governance models that allow for increased representation and recognition for native peoples.

 

Although the task is enormous, there are reasons for optimism and particularly in Brazil, where the president, Jair Bolsonaro, faces the former incumbent Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in a tense election on 2 October.

 

Lula leads in the polls. During his time in power in the 2000s, deforestation fell by more than 80%.

 

 This article was amended on 7 September 2022. An earlier version noted that only two of nine countries have at least half their rainforests still intact, and implied that the other seven countries have less than half intact. This should have made clear that this refers to the area of forest that is intact and is also not degraded; in all nine countries, there are areas where rainforest exists but it has suffered from degradation. This has been clarified.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brazil election: Accusations and misinformation on the campaign trail

Published

4 days ago

 

Share

Related Topics

Reality Check

 

President Jair Bolsonaro and former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in debate

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

 

By Jake Horton & Juliana Gragnani

 

BBC Reality Check & World Service Disinformation Team

Claims about corruption, Covid, deforestation, and even cannibalism have grabbed attention on the campaign trail ahead of Brazil's presidential election vote this Sunday.

 

President Jair Bolsonaro is being challenged by former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in a second-round run-off.

 

We've looked at some of the main lines of attack for both candidates.

 

Satanism and cannibalism smears

Bolsonaro and Lula, who are both Catholic, have been seeking support among evangelical Christian voters, who make up almost a third of Brazil's population.

 

Evangelical Minister Silas Malafaia (R) and other evangelical leaders pray around Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Image caption,

President Bolsonaro and his wife praying with evangelical leaders during the campaign

However, their strategies have been rife with religious disinformation.

 

One example of this is a video shared by two of Bolsonaro's sons and other politicians, in which a social influencer who describes himself as Satanist, declares his support for Lula.

 

The video went viral, alongside messages saying that Brazil would be running a "spiritual risk" if Lula was elected - despite the influencer having no relationship with the former president nor any influence on his policies.

 

Lula's campaign team released a statement rejecting any involvement with devil worship and the video was banned by the Electoral Court, the body overseeing the vote.

 

Lula with Franciscan friars

IMAGE SOURCE,RICARDO STUCKERT

Image caption,

Lula at an event with Franciscan friars in São Paulo during the campaign

Meanwhile, Lula's campaign team has highlighted a 2016 New York Times interview with Bolsonaro in which he says he visited an indigenous community in Brazil that was allegedly cooking a dead person, and that he had asked to watch.

 

To see it, he recalls in the interview, he was told he'd have to join in the meal. "I would eat it," he said. "I'd have no problems in eating the indigenous person." But he added that his entourage did not want to go, and so he didn't, either.

 

Lula's campaign produced a video featuring the 2016 interview, saying: "It's monstrous. Bolsonaro reveals that he would eat human flesh."

 

Bolsonaro complained to the Electoral Court, which then banned Lula's campaign video, saying that it had portrayed the interview out of context.

 

Leaders of the Yanomami people, the indigenous group Bolsonaro was referencing, reject his claim and say that they do not practise cannibalism.

 

Protecting the Amazon rainforest

The rainforest plays a vital role in absorbing harmful carbon dioxide that would otherwise escape into the atmosphere, and about 60% of the Amazon is in Brazil.

 

Both candidates have claimed to have a better record at protecting it.

 

During a live presidential debate in October, Lula said: "In our government, [we had] the lowest deforestation in the Amazon, and in yours it is the highest every year."

 

Amazon forest

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Image caption,

 

 

Deforestation rate in the Amazon has increased in recent years

 

 

Bolsonaro replied: "Google 'deforestation from 2003 to 2006', in the four years of Lula's government. Then search for 'deforestation from 2019 to 2022'.

 

"During your government, twice as much was deforested as in mine," he added.

 

It's true the amount of ​​deforestation during the first three years of Bolsonaro's government is significantly less than in the same period under Lula - about 34,000km squared, compared with 71,000km, according the National Institute for Space Research (Inpe).

 

 

Deforestation chart

 

But after Lula's first two years in office, the rate of deforestation dropped significantly, and by the time he left office in January 2011, it had reached historic lows.

 

Under Bolsonaro, the rate of deforestation has gone up each year, continuing a trend that began a couple of years before he took office in January 2019.

 

He has implemented policies that critics say roll back crucial safeguards, and prosecutions against illegal logging have dropped during his time in office.

 

Corruption allegations

 

Corruption has been a central theme in the campaign.

 

Bolsonaro has highlighted a major corruption scandal, which began during Lula's time in office, when billions of dollars were stolen in bribes and overpriced oil contracts linked to the state-run oil company, Petrobras.

 

Lula himself was found guilty of involvement and in 2017 he was sent to prison. His conviction was annulled last year, enabling him to stand in this election.

 

For his part, Lula has pointed the finger at Bolsonaro for enabling corruption, and accusing him of losing control of the country's finances. By this he's referring to a "secret budget" included in the budget law passed in 2019, allowing for public funds to be spent by federal lawmakers with limited oversight.

 

Congress vote on vetoes and projects, including the Budget project.

IMAGE SOURCE,WALDEMIR BARRETO/AGÊNCIA SENADO

Image caption,

Congress now controls large sums of public money through non-transparent amendments

Bolsonaro denies having approved the scheme. "I vetoed it and [Congress] overrode the veto," he said during a debate on October 16.

 

That's not true. At first, in November 2019, Bolsonaro did veto the new mechanism included in the budget. One month later, however, the presidency itself sent Congress a new proposed bill, including the "secret" mechanism within it, and it was approved.

 

"It's an institutionalisation of corruption, a way of buying Congress using the country's budget," says Bruno Brandão, executive director of the Brazilian national chapter of Transparency International.

 

He points out that press and police investigations have shown there are widespread fraud schemes involved in the application of these public funds.

 

Tackling Covid

Bolsonaro has been accused of spreading misinformation about Covid vaccines, and has refused to get the jab himself.

 

Lula has heavily criticised Bolsonaro's efforts to control the pandemic.

 

He has highlighted the country's death toll, saying: "Brazil has 3% of the world population, and Brazil has had 11% of deaths from the pandemic in the world."

 

It's correct that Brazil has accounted for almost 11% of the world's official Covid deaths, with more than 687,000 recorded, according to Johns Hopkins University.

 

That's the second-highest official death toll in the world after the United States.

 

Covid deaths chart

It also has one of the highest recorded global death tolls as a proportion of its population - although not as high as neighbouring Peru.

 

But official figures may not fully reflect the true number of dead in many countries, as testing is not always available.

 

Lula has also questioned the amount of time it took to roll out Covid vaccines.

 

Defending his government's record, President Bolsonaro said: "We have purchased over 500 million doses of vaccine… and Brazil is one of the most vaccinated countries in the world and in the fastest time."

 

Bolsonaro rally

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Image caption,

President Bolsonaro continued to hold rallies with supporters throughout the pandemic

Bolsonaro's government has now purchased about 750 million doses, but its first orders went in much later than those of some other countries.

 

This meant vaccine delivery was delayed, and Brazil's rollout initially lagged behind many other countries in Latin America and around the world.

 

Brazil has now administered 220 doses per 100 people, but this is still below the levels of several other countries in the region, including Argentina, Chile and Peru.

 

2.

 

Amazon rainforest

 This article is more than 1 month old

Large parts of Amazon may never recover, major study says

This article is more than 1 month old

Swathes of rainforest have reached tipping point, research by scientists and Indigenous organisations concludes

 

Smoke rises from an illegally lit fire in a rainforest reserve south of Novo Progresso in Pará state, Brazil.

Smoke rises from an illegally lit fire in a rainforest reserve south of Novo Progresso in Pará state, Brazil. Photograph: Carl de Souza/AFP/Getty Images

Andrew Downie

Mon 5 Sep 2022 14.30 BST

Environmental destruction in parts of the Amazon is so complete that swathes of the rainforest have reached tipping point and might never be able to recover, a major study carried out by scientists and Indigenous organisations has found.

 

“The tipping point is not a future scenario but rather a stage already present in some areas of the region,” the report concludes. “Brazil and Bolivia concentrate 90% of all combined deforestation and degradation. As a result, savannization is already taking place in both countries.”

 

Scientists from the Amazonian Network of Georeferenced Socio-environmental Information (RAISG) worked with with the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin (Coica) to produce the study, Amazonia Against the Clock, one of the biggest so far, covering all nine of the nations that contain parts of the Amazon.

 

It found that only two of the nine, tiny Suriname and French Guiana, have at least half their forests still perfectly intact. In other countries, there is between 26% and 43% of forests perfectly intact, while between 2% and 25% of rainforest has been lost, with degradation of some remaining forest.

 

Amazonian Indigenous organisations representing 511 nations and allies are calling for a global pact for the permanent protection of 80% of the Amazon by 2025.

 

The 80% target is a massive challenge given that only 74% of the original forest remains. Urgent action is needed not only to protect the forest still standing but also to restore degraded land and get back to that 80% level.

 

“It’s difficult but doable,” said Alicia Guzmán, an Ecuadorian scientist who coordinated the report. “It is all dependent on the involvement of the Indigenous communities and people who live in the forest. That and the debt.”

 

Guzmán said giving Indigenous groups stewardship of more land – and crucially, providing state protection for it and removing legal loopholes that allow extractive industries in – was the surest way to guarantee preservation.

 

Almost half the Amazon has been designated either a protected area or Indigenous territory, and only 14% of all deforestation takes place there. Currently, about 100m hectares of Indigenous land are under dispute or awaiting formal government recognition.

 

“Having Indigenous people in the decision-making process means we count on the knowledge of those who know most about the forest,” said Guzmán. “And they need budgets.”

 

They also need their land to be safeguarded from land-grabbers and extractive industries.

 

Mining is one of the growing threats, with protected areas and Indigenous land among the areas most coveted by prospectors. Much of the mining is clandestine and illegal but around half in protected areas is done legally, and scientists called on governments to reject or revoke mining permits.

 

Oil is another threat, particularly in Ecuador, the source of 89% of all the crude exported from the region.

 

Oil blocks cover 9.4 % of the Amazon’s surface and 43% of them are in protected areas and Indigenous land. More than half the Ecuadorian Amazon is designated as an oil block, the report said, and the portions in Peru (31%), Bolivia (29%) and Colombia (28%) are also worrying.

 

Of even greater concern is farming. Agriculture is responsible for 84% of deforestation, and the amount of land given over to farming has tripled since 1985, according to the report. Brazil is one of the world’s main food exporters, with soy, beef and grains feeding large parts of the world and bringing in billions of dollars each year.

 

Sign up to First Edition

 

Free daily newsletter

Archie Bland and Nimo Omer take you through the top stories and what they mean, free every weekday morning

 

 

Privacy Notice: Newsletters may contain info about charities, online ads, and content funded by outside parties. For more information see our Privacy Policy. We use Google reCaptcha to protect our website and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.

A key recommendation of the study is more collaboration between regional governments, international financial institutions and the private equity firms that hold much of the debt owed by Amazonian nations.

 

Latin America is the most indebted region in the developing world and writing off that debt in return for preservation commitments would be significant.

 

“They have a unique opportunity before them to forgive existing debt in exchange for commitments to end industrial extraction and promote protections in key priority areas, indigenous territories and protected areas,” the report says.

 

Among the other 13 “solutions” proposed in the report are: a complete suspension of new licensing and financing for mining, oil, cattle ranching, large dams, logging, and other such activities; increased transparency and accountability along supply chains; the restoration of deforested land; new governance models that allow for increased representation and recognition for native peoples.

 

Although the task is enormous, there are reasons for optimism and particularly in Brazil, where the president, Jair Bolsonaro, faces the former incumbent Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in a tense election on 2 October.

 

Lula leads in the polls. During his time in power in the 2000s, deforestation fell by more than 80%.

 

 This article was amended on 7 September 2022. An earlier version noted that only two of nine countries have at least half their rainforests still intact, and implied that the other seven countries have less than half intact. This should have made clear that this refers to the area of forest that is intact and is also not degraded; in all nine countries, there are areas where rainforest exists but it has suffered from degradation. This has been clarified.