팔레스타인 가자 지구 (Gaza Strip) 경제 활동. 연간 1인당 소득 $ 5,600. 실업율 47%, 빈곤율 81%
1. 알자지라 보도.
Gaza graduates demand UNRWA solutions for high unemployment rate
Unemployment rate in Gaza continues to be among the highest in the world as it hits 70 percent among young graduates.
A stand in front of UNRWA
Dozens of graduates in Gaza gathered in front of UNRWA's headquarters in Gaza calling for creating job programmes [Abdelhakim Abu Riash/Al Jazeera]
By Maram Humaid
Published On 27 Sep 2023
27 Sep 2023
Gaza City – Since her graduation 10 years ago, Amal Shanioura has been searching for a suitable job opportunity in business administration, but has had no success.
The 32-year-old’s frustration took her last week to a protest in front of the headquarters of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Refugees (UNRWA), where demonstrators demanded the body provide more job opportunities in Gaza, and an end to the blockade imposed on the enclave by Israel.
Dozens of graduates participated in the protest, raising slogans denouncing the deteriorating economic situation and the lack of job opportunities amid a sharp rise in the Gaza unemployment rate, which, according to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, is higher than 45 percent. The United Nations has said that 81 percent of the population is living in poverty.
Youth unemployment statistics, which cover 19 to 29-year-olds, are particularly stark when it comes to comparing the occupied West Bank to Gaza – 32 percent in the West Bank are unemployed, compared with 70 percent in Gaza.
“Like any graduate, I volunteered in several places and institutions related to my specialty to no avail,” Shanioura told Al Jazeera. “I also worked in some jobs intermittently, but they soon ended and I rejoined the ranks of unemployment.”
“As a citizen, I have the right to obtain a suitable job opportunity, especially from UNRWA, which offers permanent or temporary employment programmes for graduates.”
A girl holds a banner
Iman Al-Qarinawi’s three siblings are graduates with no jobs [Abdelhakim Abu Riash/Al Jazeera]
Harsh reality
Iman al-Qarinawi, 24, who graduated from the College of Pharmacy two years ago, told Al Jazeera that she had never imagined that her efforts during five years studying at university would be in vain.
“I graduated with a high average [grade] and have sufficient skills and experience to join the labour market, but the reality in Gaza is harsher than all expectations,” al-Qarinawi said.
“I volunteered to work in several private pharmacies but was unable to obtain a job opportunity,” al-Qarinawi added. “I feel very frustrated with the situation in Gaza.”
Al-Qarinawi has three other siblings, all graduates in different fields, and all of whom are unemployed and sitting at home.
“The issue of unemployment has become more like a general phenomenon in the homes of the Gaza Strip,” she added. “Almost every home has two or three unemployed graduates.”
No jobs, no hope
Salah Abdel Ati, a Gaza-based legal and economic researcher, told Al Jazeera that university graduates should be in a position where they can expect to have job opportunities, but that Israel’s blockade of Gaza since 2007 had severely damaged the enclave’s economy.
Abdel Ati said 180,000 students graduate annually from universities in Gaza, entering a job market where opportunities are few and far between.
“Since refugees represent 70 percent of the population [in Gaza], UNRWA is required to provide them with job opportunities and operational programmes, especially in light of the difficult economic conditions,” he said.
According to Abdel Ati, local estimates indicated that about 200,000 graduates in Gaza are unemployed and unemployment rates are increasing.
Directing his message to the commissioner-general of UNRWA, Abdel Ati demanded the creation of an emergency programme for graduates in the Gaza Strip.
“Youths need development projects and to be provided with soft loans that help them build their future,” he added.
UNRWA did not respond to a request for comment from Al Jazeera. However, on Monday, the body’s media adviser in Gaza, Adnan Abu Hasna, said in a statement that UNRWA needed $190m until the end of the year to overcome a budget deficit.
That includes funding to cover staff salaries, as well as “$75m for food coupons in Gaza because they are a lifeline for the people”, Abu Hasna said.
According to the World Labour Organisation, the unemployment rate in Gaza is among the highest in the world. “Almost every second economically active Gazan is out of work … two-thirds are unemployed and few can find a job,” the organisation said in a report released this year.
The economic crisis facing Gaza, which has faced numerous attacks by Israel since Hamas took over the territory in 2007, is also evidenced by the more than half of the Palestinians in Gaza who rely on humanitarian aid, and the nearly one-third of households who have been categorised as experiencing “catastrophic” or “extreme” levels of need.
The conditions in the Gaza Strip, closed off from the outside world in an area 365 square kilometres (141sq miles) big, have forced many Gaza Palestinians to think about something that is notoriously difficult for them – leaving.
Musbah Mukhaimer, 29, studied health administration and has worked as a volunteer in a number of governmental and private facilities, but he has not been able to obtain a stable job opportunity.
“A young man my age is in dire need of work in order to build his future, get married, and raise a family, but life in Gaza does not guarantee even the basics,” Mukhaimer said.
Mukhaimer called on UNRWA to activate programmes to re-employ graduates, stressing that “Palestinian youth have the right to live a decent life like the rest of the world.”
“We need job-creating programmes and training that support graduates in obtaining job opportunities and providing a decent life for them and their families.
2. 자료
Introduction
Background
The Gaza Strip has been under the de facto governing authority of the Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) since 2007, and has faced years of conflict, poverty, and humanitarian crises. Inhabited since at least the 15th century B.C., the Gaza Strip area has been dominated by many different peoples and empires throughout its history; it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in the early 16th century.
The Gaza Strip fell to British forces during World War I, becoming a part of the British Mandate of Palestine. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Egypt administered the newly formed Gaza Strip; Israel captured it in the Six-Day War in 1967.
Under a series of agreements known as the Oslo Accords signed between 1993 and 1999, Israel transferred to the newly-created Palestinian Authority (PA) security and civilian responsibility for many Palestinian-populated areas of the Gaza Strip as well as the West Bank.
In 2000, a violent intifada or uprising began, and in 2001 negotiations to determine the permanent status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip stalled. Subsequent attempts to re-start negotiations have not resulted in progress toward determining final status of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Israel in late 2005 unilaterally withdrew all of its settlers and soldiers and dismantled its military facilities in the Gaza Strip, but it continues to control the Gaza Strip’s land and maritime borders and airspace. In early 2006, HAMAS won a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council election.
Fatah, the dominant Palestinian political faction in the West Bank, and HAMAS failed to maintain a unity government, leading to violent clashes between their respective supporters and HAMAS’s violent seizure of all PA military and governmental institutions in the Gaza Strip in June 2007.
Since HAMAS’s takeover, Israel and Egypt have enforced tight restrictions on movement and access of goods and individuals into and out of the territory. Fatah and HAMAS have since reached a series of agreements aimed at restoring political unity between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank but have struggled to enact them.
Palestinian militants in the Gaza Strip and the Israel Defense Forces periodically exchange projectiles and air strikes, respectively, threatening broader conflict.
In May 2021, HAMAS launched rockets at Israel, sparking an 11-day conflict that also involved other Gaza-based militant groups. Egypt, Qatar, and the UN Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process have negotiated ceasefires to avert a broader conflict. Since 2018, HAMAS has also coordinated demonstrations along the Gaza-Israel security fence. Many of these protests have turned violent, resulting in several Israeli soldiers’ deaths and injuries as well as more than 200 Palestinian deaths and thousands of injuries, most of which occurred during weekly March of Return protests from 2018 to the end of 2019.
Middle East
Area
total: 360 sq km
land: 360 sq km
water: 0 sq km
comparison ranking: total 206
Area - comparative
slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries
total: 72 km
border countries (2): Egypt 13 km; Israel 59 km
Coastline
40 km
Maritime claims
see entry for Israel note: effective 3 January 2009, the Gaza maritime area is closed to all maritime traffic and is under blockade imposed by Israeli Navy until further notice
Climate
temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
Terrain
flat to rolling, sand- and dune-covered coastal plain
Elevation
highest point: Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Awdah) 105 m
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
Natural resources
arable land, natural gas
Irrigated land
(2013) 151 sq km; note - includes the West Bank
Population distribution
population concentrated in major cities, particularly Gaza City in the north
Natural hazards
droughts
Geography - note
once a strategic strip of land along Mideast-North African trade routes that has experienced an incredibly turbulent history; the town of Gaza itself has been besieged countless times in its history; Israel evacuated its civilian settlements and soldiers from the Gaza Strip in 2005
People and Society
Population
2,098,389 (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: 150
Nationality
noun: NA
adjective: NA
Ethnic groups
Palestinian Arab
Languages
Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by many Palestinians), English (widely understood)
major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Arabic audio sample:
Religions
Muslim 98.0 - 99.0% (predominantly Sunni), Christian <1.0%, other, unaffiliated, unspecified <1.0% (2012 est.)
note: Israel dismantled its settlements in September 2005; Gaza has had no Jewish population since then
MENA religious affiliation
Age structure
0-14 years: 39.75% (male 415,804/female 394,236)
15-64 years: 57.34% (male 580,693/female 587,807)
65 years and over: 2.91% (2023 est.) (male 31,671/female 27,533)
2023 population pyramid:
2023 population pyramid
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 74.3
youth dependency ratio: 68.2
elderly dependency ratio: 6.1
potential support ratio: 16.5 (2021 est.)
note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Median age
total: 18 years
male: 17.7 years
female: 18.4 years (2020 est.)
comparison ranking: total 215
Population growth rate
1.99% (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: 39
Birth rate
27.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: 39
Death rate
2.88 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: 225
Net migration rate
-4.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: 198
Population distribution
population concentrated in major cities, particularly Gaza City in the north
Urbanization
urban population: 77.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 2.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank
total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
Major urban areas - population
778,000 Gaza (2023)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.15 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
20 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank
comparison ranking: 126
Infant mortality rate
total: 14.87 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 16.01 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 13.67 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: total 98
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 75.66 years
male: 73.92 years
female: 77.5 years (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: total population 122
Total fertility rate
3.34 children born/woman (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: 40
Gross reproduction rate
1.62 (2023 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
57.3% (2019/20)
note: includes Gaza Strip and West Bank
Drinking water source
improved: urban: 98.9% of population
rural: 99% of population
total: 98.9% of population
unimproved: urban: 1.1% of population
rural: 1% of population
total: 1.1% of population (2020 est.)
note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Current health expenditure
NA
Physicians density
2.71 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
Hospital bed density
1.3 beds/1,000 population (2019)
Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: 99.9% of population
rural: 98.6% of population
total: 99.6% of population
unimproved: urban: 0.1% of population
rural: 1.4% of population
total: 0.4% of population (2020 est.)
note: note includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Major infectious diseases
note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Asia; the Gaza Strip is currently considered a high risk to travelers for polio; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
2.1% (2019/20)
note: estimate is for Gaza Strip and the West Bank
comparison ranking: 108
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
62.4% (2023 est.)
note: data includes Gaza and the West Bank
Child marriage
women married by age 15: 0.7%
women married by age 18: 13.4% (2020 est.)
note: includes both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Education expenditures
5.3% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank
comparison ranking: 66
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.5%
male: 98.8%
female: 96.2% (2020)
note: estimates are for Gaza Strip and the West Bank
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 13 years
male: 12 years
female: 14 years (2021)
note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 39.6%
male: 33.7%
female: 69% (2021 est.)
note: includes the West Bank
comparison ranking: total 15
Environment
Environment - current issues
soil degradation; desertification; water pollution from chemicals and pesticides; salination of fresh water; improper sewage treatment; water-borne disease; depletion and contamination of underground water resources
Climate
temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
Urbanization
urban population: 77.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 2.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank
total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
Revenue from forest resources
0% of GDP (2018 est.)
comparison ranking: 197
Air pollutants
carbon dioxide emissions: 3.23 megatons (2016 est.)
note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 1.387 million tons (2016 est.)
municipal solid waste recycled annually: 6,935 tons (2013 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 0.5% (2013 est.)
note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 181.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
industrial: 32 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
agricultural: 162 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
Total renewable water resources
840 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
Government
Country name
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Gaza Strip
local long form: none
local short form: Qita' Ghazzah
etymology: named for the largest city in the enclave, Gaza, whose settlement can be traced back to at least the 15th century B.C. (as "Ghazzat")
Economy
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$27.779 billion (2021 est.)
$25.95 billion (2020 est.)
$29.262 billion (2019 est.)
see entry for the West Bank
comparison ranking: 142
Real GDP growth rate
7.05% (2021 est.)
-11.32% (2020 est.)
1.36% (2019 est.)
note: excludes the West Bank
comparison ranking: 56
Real GDP per capita
$5,600 (2021 est.)
$5,400 (2020 est.)
$6,200 (2019 est.)
see entry for the the West Bank
comparison ranking: 169
GDP (official exchange rate)
$2.938 billion (2014 est.)
note: excludes the West Bank
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
1.24% (2021 est.)
-0.74% (2020 est.)
1.58% (2019 est.)
note: excludes the West Bank
comparison ranking: 190
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 3% (2017 est.)
industry: 21.1% (2017 est.)
services: 75% (2017 est.)
note: data exclude the West Bank
comparison rankings: services 47; industry 138; agriculture 150
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 88.6% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 26.3% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 22.4% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 18.6% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -55.6% (2017 est.)
note: data exclude the West Bank
Agricultural products
tomatoes, cucumbers, olives, poultry, milk, potatoes, sheep milk, eggplants, gourds
Industries
textiles, food processing, furniture
Industrial production growth rate
6.22% (2021 est.)
note: see entry for the West Bank
comparison ranking: 70
Labor force
1.249 million (2021 est.)
note: excludes the West Bank
comparison ranking: 137
Labor force - by occupation
agriculture: 5.2%
industry: 10%
services: 84.8% (2015 est.)
note: data exclude the West Bank
Unemployment rate
24.9% (2021 est.)
25.89% (2020 est.)
25.34% (2019 est.)
note: data exclude the West Bank
comparison ranking: 9
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 39.6%
male: 33.7%
female: 69% (2021 est.)
note: includes the West Bank
comparison ranking: total 15
Population below poverty line
30% (2011 est.)
note: data exclude the West Bank
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
33.7 (2016 est.)
comparison ranking: 119
Budget
revenues: $3.803 billion (2020 est.)
expenditures: $5.002 billion (2020 est.)
see entry for the West Bank
Taxes and other revenues
18.78% (of GDP) (2018 est.)
comparison ranking: 100
Fiscal year
calendar year
Current account balance
-$1.486 billion (2021 est.)
-$1.903 billion (2020 est.)
-$1.779 billion (2019 est.)
note: excludes the West Bank
comparison ranking: 145
Exports
$3.18 billion (2021 est.)
$2.385 billion (2020 est.)
$2.659 billion (2019 est.)
comparison ranking: 147
Exports - commodities
building stone, scrap iron, plastic lids, furniture, seating, dates, olive oil (2021)
note: data includes both Gaza Strip and West Bank export commodities
Imports
$10.245 billion (2021 est.)
$8.065 billion (2020 est.)
$9.161 billion (2019 est.)
see entry for the West Bank
comparison ranking: 112
Imports - commodities
food, consumer goods, fuel
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$872.541 million (31 December 2021 est.)
$697.075 million (31 December 2020 est.)
$658.352 million (31 December 2019 est.)
comparison ranking: 152
Debt - external
see entry for the West Bank
Exchange rates
see entry for the West Bank
Energy
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2021)
note: data for Gaza Strip and West Bank combined
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 215,000 kW (2020 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
consumption: 5,702,816,000 kWh (2019 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
imports: 5.9 billion kWh (2019 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
transmission/distribution losses: 847 million kWh (2019 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
comparison rankings: installed generating capacity 168; transmission/distribution losses 119; imports 37; exports 157; consumption 122
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 100% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
refined petroleum consumption: 24,600 bbl/day (2019 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
Natural gas
production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
3.341 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
from coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.) Data includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
from petroleum and other liquids: 3.341 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.) Data includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.) Data includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
comparison ranking: total emissions 145
Energy consumption per capita
13.604 million Btu/person (2019 est.) Data represented includes both the Gaza Strip and West Bank
comparison ranking: 143
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 485,829 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2021 est.)
includes the West Bank
comparison ranking: total subscriptions 94
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 4,052,966 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 78 (2021 est.)
includes the West Bank
comparison ranking: total subscriptions 132
Telecommunication systems
general assessment:
Israel, which controls Palestinian frequencies and telecom infrastructure, limits mobile internet speeds in the Palestinian territories to levels that are significantly lower than in Israel and Jewish West Bank settlements; the World Bank urged Israel to let Palestinian cellular companies set up more advanced networks, and to ease restrictions on the import of equipment needed to build and operate them; Israel is rolling out fifth generation technology for its citizens, while the West Bank operates on 3G and Gaza, 2G; Israeli mobile operators don’t officially service Palestinian areas, but many Palestinians use the faster Israeli networks with SIM cards; the Times of Israel reported in November that Israel tentatively agreed to let Palestinian operators launch 4G services
(2022)
domestic: fixed-line 9 per 100 and mobile-cellular 28 per 100 (includes West Bank) (2021)
international: country code 970 or 972 (2018)
Broadcast media
1 TV station and about 10 radio stations; satellite TV accessible
Internet country code
.ps; note - IANA has designated .ps for the Gaza Strip, same as the West Bank
Internet users
total: 3,602,452 (2020 est.)
percent of population: 75% (2020 est.)
note: includes the West Bank
comparison ranking: total 113
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 376,911 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2020 est.)
note: includes the West Bank
comparison ranking: total 100
Transportation
Airports
1 (2021)
comparison ranking: total 231
Airports - with paved runways
1
note: non-operational
Heliports
1 (2021)
Roadways
note: see entry for the West Bank
Ports and terminals
major seaport(s): Gaza
Military and Security
Military and security forces
HAMAS does not have a conventional military in the Gaza Strip but maintains security forces in addition to its military wing, the 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades; the military wing reports to the HAMAS Political Bureau; there are several other militant groups operating in the Gaza Strip, most notably the Al-Quds Brigades of Palestine Islamic Jihad, which are usually but not always beholden to HAMAS's authority (2023)
Military expenditures
not available
Military and security service personnel strengths
the military wing of HAMAS has an estimated 20-25,000 fighters (2023)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military wing of HAMAS is armed with light weapons, including an inventory of improvised rocket, anti-tank missile, and mortar capabilities; HAMAS acquires its weapons through smuggling or local construction and receives some military support from Iran (2023)
Military - note
since seizing control of the Gaza Strip in 2007, HAMAS has claimed responsibility for numerous rocket attacks into Israel and organized protests at the border between Gaza and Israel, resulting in violent clashes, casualties, and reprisal military actions by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF); HAMAS and Israel fought an 11-day conflict in May of 2021, which ended in an informal truce; sporadic clashes continued into 2023, including rocket attacks from Gaza and retaliatory IDF strikes; Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) has conducted numerous attacks on Israel since the 1980s, including a barrage of mortar and rocket strikes in 2020, also prompting IDF counter-strikes; see Appendix T for more details on HAMAS and PIJ
in 2017, HAMAS and PIJ announced the formation of a "joint operations room" to coordinate the activities of their armed wings; by late 2020, the formation consisted of 12 militant groups operating in Gaza and had conducted its first joint training exercise (2023)
Terrorism
Terrorist group(s)
Terrorist group(s): Army of Islam; Abdallah Azzam Brigades; al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade; HAMAS; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Sinai Province (ISIS-SP); Mujahidin Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem; Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ); Palestine Liberation Front; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP); PFLP-General Command
note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international
according to the Oslo Accords, the status of the Gaza Strip is a final status issue to be resolved through negotiations; Israel removed settlers and military personnel from Gaza Strip in September 2005
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees (country of origin): 1.6 million (Palestinian refugees) (2022)
IDPs: 12,000 (includes persons displaced within the Gaza Strip due to the intensification of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict since June 2014 and other Palestinian IDPs in the Gaza Strip and West Bank who fled as long ago as 1967, although confirmed cumulative data do not go back beyond 2006) (2022); note - data represent Gaza Strip and West Bank
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gaza-strip/#economy
Gaza Strip - The World Factbook
www.cia.gov
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