문화재 화재 원인들은 전쟁, 자연재해, 화재, 그리고 관리소홀과 무관심 등이다.
7개월에 걸친 화재 원인 조사팀 발표를 보면, 브라질 국립박물관 화재 원인은 정치 무능, 예산 삭감, 관리 소홀이었고, '인재' 그 자체였다. 1만 1천 500년 전에 살았던 여성 해골 '루치아 Luzia' 등 귀중한 문화재들이 소실되어 버렸다.
(1) 리오 데 자네이로 국립박물관 화재 원인은 에어컨 결함 때문이었다. 2018년 9월 2일 화재 발생 이후 7개월간 화재 원인을 조사한 이후에 조사팀이 내린 결론이었다. 그런데 왜 에어컨에서 불이 붙었는지 그 원인은 규명하지 못했다. 에어컨에 공급되어야 하는 전류가 적정 강도를 넘었기 때문에, 에어컨에 불이 붙은 것으로 추정하고 있다.아오스 강당에서 발화가 시작되어 전체 건물로 퍼져 나갔다. 강당 온도가 섭씨 1천도까지 올랐고, 2천만 가지 문화재와 유물이 소실되었다.
(2) 국립박물관은 화재 진압에 필요한 기구들인 물호스, 스프링클러, 방화문 등을 제대로 구비하지 않았다.
2015년부터 2017년 사이 박물관은 안전 시설을 위해 겨우 4천 달러를 사용했다.
2014년 월드컵에 150억 달러, 2016년 올림픽에 131억 달러 쏟아부었지만, 브라질 국립박물관 예산은 부족했다.
두아르테 (Duarte) 브라질 국립박물관 부관장은 월드컵 비용의 4분의 1만 있었어도 국립박물관 화재 예방은 가능했다.
2018년 9월 13~14일 브라질 국립박물관 화재에 대해서, 브라질 사람들은 부정부패와 운영비 삭감 때문에 화재가 발생했다고 정부를 비난했다. 수많은 브라질 시민들이 정부의 무능에 항의하는 시위를 벌였다.
2013년 국립박물관 예산은 13만 달러였는데, 2017년에는 8만 4천 달러로 축소되었다. ( 박물관 대변인 마치오 마르친스 )
신문기사 1.
Air conditioning unit at the origin of Brazil museum fire
By The Associated Press
Thu., April 4, 2019
RIO DE JANEIRO - An air conditioning unit was the “primary cause” of a fire that destroyed Brazil’s National Museum and most of its 20 million artifacts, police experts said Thursday.
The larger investigation into the Sept. 2 tragedy is still ongoing, but experts released their findings on the origin and location of the blaze.
In this Sept. 2, 2018 file photo, flames engulf the 200-year-old National Museum of Brazil, in Rio de Janeiro. Federal police say an air conditioning unit is the “primary cause” of the fire that destroyed Brazil’s National Museum in Rio de Janeiro.
Fire experts have presented the conclusions of a seven-month investigation into the Sept. 2, 2018 fire, which began in the museum’s auditorium and quickly spread to the rest of the building, destroying most of its 20 million artifacts.
In this Sept. 2, 2018 file photo, flames engulf the 200-year-old National Museum of Brazil, in Rio de Janeiro.
Federal police say an air conditioning unit is the “primary cause” of the fire that destroyed Brazil’s National Museum in Rio de Janeiro. Fire experts have presented the conclusions of a seven-month investigation into the Sept. 2, 2018 fire, which began in the museum’s auditorium and quickly spread to the rest of the building, destroying most of its 20 million artifacts. (LEO CORREA, FILE / AP PHOTO)
“There was various pieces of evidence that allowed us to conclude that the (air conditioning unit) was the primary cause of the fire”, expert Marco Antonio Zatta said during a news conference in Rio de Janeiro.
Temperatures rose above 1,000 degrees centigrade in the museum auditorium where the fire began, experts said, creating such damage that it wasn’t possible to determine why the air conditioning unit caught fire.
But Zatta said the units there were receiving a stronger electrical current than they were designed to handle.
Federal police experts also stressed that aside from fire extinguishers, the museum lacked most recommended fire protection devices, such as hoses, sufficient water sprinklers and fire doors.
According to the Open Accounts non-profit that tracks spending, the museum had spent only $4,000 on safety equipment from 2015 to 2017.
The museum held Latin America’s largest collection of historical artifacts. After the fire, researchers retrieved a fraction of the museum’s collection, including skull fragments belonging to “Luzia”, the name given to a woman who lived 11,500 years ago.
Efforts to reconstruct the facility are underway, beginning with the restoration of the facade.
자료 2. 한국 연합뉴스 2019.April 16
대형 화재 사건
이탈리아 (1792) 라 페니체 오페라 하우스
스페인 (1847) 리세우 대극장
영국 (11세기) 윈저성
보스니아 (19세기) 보스니아 국립도서관
3. 자료기사 : 2018년 9월 4일 sbs 뉴스
https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1004920308
찬란한 역사가 한 줌 재로…'박물관 화재' 브라질 분노
정혜진 기자 hjin@sbs.co.kr 작성 2018.09.04 21:36
<앵커>
브라질 국립 박물관에 불이 나, 수천만 점의 소장품이 잿더미가 됐다는 소식 전해 드렸는데, 오늘(4일) 그 현장이 공개되자 정부를 향한 분노가 쏟아졌습니다. 경찰이 최루 가스까지 뿌리며 성난 시민들을 진압했습니다.
정혜진 기자입니다.
<기자>
시뻘건 불길이 박물관을 집어삼킵니다. 밤샘 진화 끝에 불은 껐지만, 건물 자체가 2백 년이 넘은 국보급 유산이던 국립 박물관은 폐허가 됐습니다.
건물 옥상과 내벽은 무너져 내렸고 학예사들은 유물 한점이라도 구하기 위해 잿더미 속을 뒤졌습니다.
[알렉산더 켈너/브라질 국립박물관장 : 비극입니다. 우리는 애도 기간을 가질 겁니다.]
박물관이 자랑했던 1만 2천 년 전 인류 해골 루치아, 그리고 공룡 화석 같은 인류 유산이 하루아침에 재가 돼버렸습니다.
소장 유물 2천만 점은 대부분 소실됐습니다.
브라질 국민들은 정부에 만연한 부정부패로 문화유산 보전 예산이 삭감돼 국가적 수치를 가져왔다며 분노를 쏟아냈습니다.
[호사나 올란다/브라질 고교 교사 : 화재로 잃어버린 것을 무엇으로 설명하겠습니까. 역사 복원을 강력히 요구하려고 왔습니다.]
경찰은 최루가스를 살포하며 성난 시민들을 진압했습니다.
브라질에서는 예전에도 대형화재로 피카소의 작품을 잃는 등 이미 여러 차례 인류 유산을 불타 사라지게 했습니다.
(영상편집 : 장현기)
출처 : SBS 뉴스
원본 링크 : https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1004920308&plink=COPYPASTE&cooper=SBSNEWSEND
자료 4.
SMARTNEWS Keeping you current
Five Things We’ve Learned Since Brazil’s Devastating National Museum Fire
Luzia, the oldest human fossil in the Americas, was recovered from the rubble
image:
https://thumbs-prod.si-cdn.com/A7P39YFg1NJCmEU_ELf5uimCw9I=/800x600/filters:no_upscale()/https://public-media.si-cdn.com/filer/27/f5/27f56938-c0f4-4c0f-bd8b-bd6d326711a2/ap_18248755925537.jpg
/https://public-media.si-cdn.com/filer/27/f5/27f56938-c0f4-4c0f-bd8b-bd6d326711a2/ap_18248755925537.jpg)
Update, October 26, 2018:
It’s been just under a week since an inferno blazed through Brazil’s 200-year-old National Museum, razing the historic institution and reducing the majority of its collection to ashes.
Researchers are still awaiting permission to enter the building’s smoldering remains to assess the extent of the damage, but the Associated Press’ Marcelo Silva de Sousa and Mauricio Savarese report that firefighters have begun the arduous task of sifting through the rubble and identifying fragments of salvageable artifacts.
While the cause of the fire and exact fate of the museum’s more than 20 million artifacts—including Luzia, the oldest human fossil in the Americas, and the reconstructed skeleton of a Maxakalisaurus topai dinosaur—remain unclear, here’s what we’ve learned in the wake of the unprecedented loss.
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A set of 13th-century Torah scrolls, the 5.8-ton Bendegó meteorite and a portion of the museum’s mollusk and vertebrate collections are among the items said to have escaped the flames. Up to 90 percent of the collection is feared lost
Shortly after the blaze broke out around 7:30 p.m. on September 2, a group of museum staff, technicians and students entered the burning building and rescued a small selection of items.
Zoologist Paulo Buckup told BBC Brasil’s Julia Carneiro that he managed to escape with “a few thousand” mollusk specimens, including 80 percent of the museum’s holotypes, or original examples of given species.
As Buckup explained to Globo News, the team “decided to select the material of greatest scientific and irreplaceable value.”
The museum’s prized Bendegó meteorite, a 5.8-ton space rock discovered in the Brazilian state of Bahia in 1784, survived the flames largely unscathed, Hanneke Weitering reports for Space.com. Video footage posted on Twitter by local station Rádio BandNews FM shows that a second, smaller meteorite also survived the fire.
The Atlantic’s Ed Yong reports that the museum’s herbarium, main library and portions of its vertebrate collection were kept in a separate building and therefore not affected by the fire. A series of centuries-old Torah scrolls believed to be some of the world’s oldest Judaic documents were similarly moved to a separate location prior to the fire per Pregaman and de Sousa of the AP.
Federal University of Espírito Santo paleontologist Taissa Rodrigues tells National Geographic’s Michael Greshko that some of the metal cabinets housing fossils may have survived, although it’s unclear whether the artifacts inside could have withstood the fire. According to the AP, firefighters excavating the scene have found various bone fragments, triggering hopes that the 11,500-year-old skull of an early hominin named Luzia may still be recovered.
All materials collected from the scene will be examined by federal law enforcement, who are working to determine the cause of the fire, before being sent on to experts for identification.
Preliminary reports list the institution’s entomology and arachnology collections, roughly 700 Egyptian artifacts and a Royal Hawaiian feather cloak gifted to emperor Dom Pedro I in 1824 amongst the items feared lost. Artnet News’ Henri Neuendorf has a more comprehensive list of the museum’s prized treasures, most of which were likely damaged or completely destroyed.
We still don’t know what started the fire, but tensions have flared over the systemic under-funding and neglect of the cultural institution
According to Brazilian culture minister Sérgio Leitão, an electrical short circuit or a paper hot-air balloon that landed on the museum’s roof was the likely cause of the fire.
The Guardian’s Jonathan Watts, Dom Phillips and Sam Jones report, however, that the underlying factors at play were severe budget cuts and outdated fire prevention systems.
National Geographic’s Greshko notes that the National Museum hasn’t received its full annual budget of $128,000 since 2014.
This year, it received just $13,000. In late 2017, curators were so strapped for cash they had to crowdfund repairs of a popular exhibition hall that had been infested with termites.
Museum vice director Luiz Fernando Dias Duarte told Brazilian television that staff members knew the building was in critical condition.
Before leaving at the end of each day, he unplugged all of the items in his office to minimize fire risk.
Duarte further argued that even a quarter of the money budgeted for a single 2014 World Cup stadium (the Foundation for Economic Education’s David Youngberg reports that Rio spent $15 billion on the Cup and $13.1 billion on the 2016 Olympics) “would have been enough to make this museum safe and resplendent.”
The day after the fire, protestors gathered outside of the museum’s gates, demanding that authorities reveal the extent of the damage and pledge to rebuild.
According to the AP’s Peter Prengaman and Sarah DiLorenzo, when the protestors attempted to see the damage, police held them back using pepper spray, tear gas and batons.
Wikipedia and a group of local students are spearheading campaigns to preserve the museum’s memory via photographs and digital technology
Soon after the fire, a group of students at UNIRIO, the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, put out a global request for photographs and video clips taken at the museum. Atlas Obscura’s Sarah Laskow reports that the students have already received thousands of contributions, which they hope to eventually compile into a “virtual museum or a memory space of some sort.”
As Laskow notes, these images “preserve, at least in some form, what remains of the history the museum was meant to protect.” Relevant photos or videos should be emailed to thg.museo@gmail.com.
On Tuesday, Wikipedia posted a similar Twitter announcement calling for users to upload their personal snapshots of the museum to Wikimedia Commons, its open access repository of images.
Other efforts are forthcoming. According to Forbes’ Kristina Killgrove, Thomas Flynn, cultural heritage lead at 3D modeling website Sketchfab, has posted 25 virtual renderings of museum artifacts to his profile page. All models are available to the public.
Jorge Lopes dos Santos, a 3D modeling expert at the museum, tells Killgrove that prior to the fire, the digital modeling team successfully completed “hundreds of scans of several important artifacts of the collection, including fossils, Egyptian mummies, the Luzia skull and others, and Greek and Roman artifacts.” As recovery efforts move forward, he says that the team will “discuss how the files will be used.”
This isn’t the first time a world-class museum has gone up in smoke or confronted natural disaster—and it probably won’t be the last
The Rio fire has brought much-needed attention to the risks faced by cultural institutions across the globe. In addition to receiving increasingly scarce financial support, museums are more susceptible to natural hazards than one might think.
As Hugh Eakin notes for the Washington Post, New York’s Museum of Modern Art burst into flames back in April 1958, destroying one of Claude Monet’s “Water Lilies” paintings but leaving most of the collection unscathed.
In more recent examples, Rotterdam’s world-class Old Masters and modern European art gallery, the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, experienced five floods over the past 14 years and is currently constructing an estimated $70 million flood-proof storage facility.
In 2016, an inferno gutted India’s National Museum of Natural History in New Delhi, and the year before that, another Brazilian institution, the Museum of the Portuguese Language in Sao Paulo, suffered a similar fate.
Some museums are readily attuned to these dangers: Los Angeles’ Getty Center and New York City’s Whitney Museum of American Art are both equipped with lavish protective systems. But most institutions can’t afford such expensive tools. Brazil’s National Museum, for example, had no working sprinkler system, and the two hydrants closest to the building malfunctioned when firefighters arrived at the scene.
Popular Science’s Eleanor Cummins points out that natural disasters aren’t the only threat to museums: “Museum science is a race against time,” she writes, “and budget cuts, staff reductions, and declining visitation in countries around the world, the United States included, aren’t making anyone’s job any easier.”
As Brazilians work to recover from their unprecedented loss, these are the steps they’ll take
In the immediate aftermath of the fire, government officials pledged $2.4 million for the extensive rebuilding process that lies ahead. Museum director Alexander Kellner tells Scientific American’s Richard Conniff that initial funds will go toward stabilizing what remains of the building and recovering all that “can be recovered.” Another $1.2 million may be allocated for making the structure “habitable,” and officials are discussing the “possibility for next year” of granting an additional $19.2 million for the actual rebuilding of the museum.
“What we mostly need is a strong commitment from the Brazil government, or even private enterprise, to provide the means for scientists to be restored to minimal working conditions,” Buckup says. “We have lost lots of history. What we cannot afford to lose is the future of science in this institution.”
On Wednesday, the directors of 12 of the world’s most prominent natural history museums released a statement of solidarity highlighting the importance of such institutions and promising to support Brazilian colleagues in the coming “weeks, months and years.” Kirk Johnson, head of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, who was one of the signatories, further stated that curators were working “on a larger Smithsonian effort as well.”
Much of the chaos wrought by the inferno is irreversible. Researchers whose life’s work drew on specimens held within the museum now find themselves “lost,” as entomologist Marcus Guidoti tells National Geographic’s Greshko. Funds and support offered by Brazil’s government and outside institutions may help to soften the blow, but the fact remains that a priceless repository of Latin American cultural heritage has vanished overnight.
Still, Brazilians remain cautiously optimistic about the arduous journey that lies ahead. Curator Débora Pires notes that the museum still has its team of dedicated researchers, adding, “The brains did not burn. We are working with a positive agenda.” Anthropologist Antonio Carlos de Souza Lima tells NPR’s Ari Shapiro that the loss of his 38 years of research on indigenous cultures is “very, very small” compared to what Brazilians have lost as a country and intellectual community.
It would be easy to yield to depression, Souza Lima says, but he and his colleagues plan on fighting for their country’s future instead.
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자료 4.
Click to copyhttps://apnews.com/7810839883784c838189beeec7b377b9
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Brazil
Rio de Janeiro-
Brazilians see metaphor for their struggles in museum fire
By PETER PRENGAMAN and SARAH DiLORENZO
September 3, 2018
1 of 19
The National Museum, seen from above, stands gutted after an overnight fire in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Monday, Sept. 3, 2018. A huge fire engulfed Brazil’s 200-year-old museum, lighting up the night sky with towering flames as firefighters and museum workers raced to save historical relics from the blaze. (AP Photo/Mario Lobao)
RIO DE JANEIRO (AP)
— Firefighters dug through the burned-out hulk of Brazil’s National Museum on Monday, a day after flames gutted the building, as the country mourned the irreplaceable treasures lost and pointed fingers over who was to blame.
The museum held Latin America’s largest collection of historical artifacts, and the damage was feared to be catastrophic. One official told a Brazilian news outlet that as much as 90 percent may have been destroyed. Some parts of the collection were stored at other sites.
For many in Brazil, the state of the 200-year-old natural history museum quickly became a metaphor for what they see as the gutting of Brazilian culture and life during years of corruption, economic collapse and poor governance.
“It’s a crime that the museum was allowed to get to this shape,” said Laura Albuquerque, a 29-year-old dance teacher who was in a crowd protesting outside the gates. “What happened isn’t just regrettable, it’s devastating, and politicians are responsible for it.”
The cause of the fire that broke out Sunday night was not known. Federal police will investigate since the museum was part of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. But protesters, commentators and museum directors themselves said years of government neglect had left the museum so underfunded that its staff had turn to crowdfunding sites to open exhibitions.
A huge fire engulfed Brazil's 200-year-old National Museum in Rio de Janeiro, lighting up the night sky with towering flames as firefighters and museum workers raced to save historical relics from the blaze. (Sept. 3)
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Luiz Fernando Dias Duarte, the museum’s deputy director, criticized authorities for starving the museum of vital funding while spending lavishly on stadiums to host the World Cup in 2014.
“The money spent on each one of those stadiums — a quarter of that would have been enough to make this museum safe and resplendent,” he said in an interview in front of the still-smoldering ruins aired on Brazilian television.
Roberto Leher, rector of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, said it was well known that the building was vulnerable to fire and in need of extensive repairs. Duarte said he was in the habit of unplugging everything in his office at night because of the risk.
Civil defense authorities were concerned that internal walls and the roof could collapse further, so officials had to wait to conduct a full accounting of losses.
Duarte said that anything held in the main building was likely destroyed. Cristiana Serejo, a vice-director of the museum, told the G1 news portal that as little as 10 percent of the collection may have survived. The building was once home to the royal family, and the museum’s collection included pieces that belonged to them.
The collection also contained a painting by the Brazilian artist Candido Portinari and extensive paleontological, anthropological and biological specimens. It held a skull called Luzia that was among the oldest fossils ever found in the Americas as well as an Egyptian mummy and the largest meteorite ever discovered in Brazil — one of the few objects that officials could confirm had survived.
Brazil has struggled to emerge from a two-year recession and seen its political and corporate elite jailed in Latin America’s largest corruption investigation. The country has been riven with deep political divisions following the impeachment and removal of former President Dilma Rousseff.
The protesters gathered outside the museum gates tried several times to push into the site, demanding to see the damage and calling on the government to rebuild. Police held the crowd back with pepper spray, tear gas and batons.
“This fire is what Brazilian politicians are doing to the people,” said Rosana Hollanda, a 35-year-old high school history teacher, who was crying. “They’re burning our history, and they’re burning our dreams.”
Signs of disrepair were evident: The fencing was dilapidated, stonework was cracked and lawns appeared untended.
The museum’s budget had fallen from around $130,000 in 2013 to around $84,000 last year, according to Marcio Martins, a spokesman for the museum. This year was on track to include an increase from last year.
In a sign of how strapped the museum was, when a termite infestation last year forced the closure of room that house a 13-yard-long dinosaur skeleton, officials turned to crowdfunding to raise the money to reopen the room.
The institution had recently secured approval for nearly $5 million for a planned renovation, including an upgrade of the fire-prevention system, officials said.
“Look at the irony. The money is now there, but we ran out of time,” museum Director Alexander Kellner told reporters at the scene.
President Michel Temer announced Monday that private and public banks, as well as mining giant Vale and state-run oil company Petrobras, have agreed to help rebuild the museum and reconstitute its collections. French President Emmanuel Macron offered in a tweet to send experts to help rebuild the museum.
Brazil is in the midst of a national election campaign and some candidates on the left seized on the fire as an example of the disastrous effects of budget cuts implemented by Temer’s government. The budget data showed that cuts to the museum’s budget began under the previous left-wing government.
Fire department spokesman Roberto Robadey said firefighters got off to a slow start because the two fire hydrants closest to the museum did not work. Instead, trucks had to gather water from a nearby lake.
There were fire extinguishers in the museum, but it was not clear if there were sprinklers, which are problematic for museums because water can damage objects, Kellner said. Serejo said that smoke detectors were not working.
Marcus Guidoti, a doctoral candidate in zoology who had visited the museum to study insect specimens, said the neglect dates back years.
“Let this free us from the ignorance that fails to appreciate culture, science and our national identity,” he wrote on Twitter.
___
DiLorenzo reported from Sao Paulo. Associated Press Writer Elaine Ganley contributed to this report from Paris.
___
사진 자료들 AP news
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