스위스 언어 지도와 '언어 평화' 유지되나? 독일어 72%, 프랑스어 21%, 이탈리아어 6.5%, 로마니쉬 0.5%. 스위스 국가의 언어는 '화해'다.

https://bit.ly/3BZMNjCCould Switzerland break apart?

 

 

스위스 국가의 언어는 '화해'다.

 

1. 크리스토페 뷔치 (기고자) 주장. 

 

스위스 내부에서도 '언어 교류, 교환'을 더 장려해야 하는 이유.

 

이탈리아 작가 기호학자 움베르토 에코의 말 "유럽의 언어는 번역이다"

스위스가 '민주주의'를 통해 서로 다른 언어를 사용하는 사람들을 화해시키는 탁월한 임무를 수행하고 있다.

스위스 사람들이 쓰는 독일어, 프랑스어, 이탈리어, 로만슈어 4가지 언어들을 서로 배움으로써, 사람들을 하나로 통합시키는 역할을 수행하고 있다. 

 

(몇 가지 역사적 사실)

 

1차 세계 대전 당시. 스위스는 프랑스어와 이탈리아어를 쓰는 사람들은 프랑스 편을 들고, 독일어를 사용자는 당시 빌헬름 독일제국 편을 들었다.

 

1992년의 경우, 스위스가 EU 경제 통합에 찬성할 것인가를 놓고, 추리히, 베른, 바젤 등 독일어 사용자가 많은 대도시는 '찬성'을 했고, 농업지역 주민들은 '반대'를 했다. 

 

1990년대 프랑스어 사용 스위스 지역에 경제 위기가 닥침.

"제네바 호수 기적" 발생으로 게임 변화가 발생하고,경제 성장 승승장구함.

 

2. 두번째 기사 내용. 스위스 내부 언어 교육의 현실

 

스위스 독일어를 쓰는 사람들 현재 상황.

 

1) 일상에서 쓰는 독일어는 스위스식 독일어. 그러나 읽고 쓰는 '문자' 독일어는 현재 독일에서 사용하는 독일어. 호크 도이치. Hoch-deutsch (high German). 

 

2) 영어가 세계를 지배하는 언어인 상황에서 프랑스어를 필수로 배워야 하는가 논란. 

 

스위스 인민당(국민당 UDC)은 비-프랑스어 지역에서 영어보다 '프랑스어'를 가르치도록 제안할 것이라고 주장.

이와는 대조적으로 2015년 독일어 사용 지역 니트발덴 (Nidwalden) 에서 초등학교에서 프랑스어 교육을 중단하자는 '투표'를 했는데, 이 제안자 역시 니트발덴 스위스 인민당 (UCD) 지부였다. 프랑스어 교육을 중단하게 되면 그 자리에 영어가 들어서게 된다. 

 

 이런 와중에, 쭈리히 주(칸톤) 일부 교사들과 정치인들이 초등학교에서 2가지 이상 언어 교육을 중단하자고 제안했는데, 그 이유는 초등학교 학생들이 두 개 이상의 언어를 배우게 되면 학습과중에 시달리게 된다는 것이다.

 

3) 프랑스어 사용 스위스 학생들은 만약 스위스식 독일어를 제 2 언어로 배워야 한다면,

(1) 말은 스위스식 독일어, 문자는 독일식 '호크 도이치'를 배워야 한다.

(2) 프랑스 사용 스위스 사람들은 프랑스 사람들이 사용하는 '말'과 '문자'를 동일하게 사용하고 있어서, 독일어를 사용하는 스위스 사람들이 겪는 문제는 겪지 않는다.

 

 

25/11/2015 BY LE NEWS

 

Christophe Büchi discusses the country’s language divisions and why we should worry about Italian-speaking Ticino. Long time correspondent in French-speaking Switzerland for the Neue Zürcher Zeitung, the journalist and writer is fascinated by the complex relationship between Switzerland’s French and German speakers. He spoke with Thibaut Kaeser of Echo magazine about Switzerland’s language divisions and what it means to be Swiss.

 

 

스위스 국가의 언어는 '화해'다.

 

Switzerland’s national language is reconciliation

 

Thibaut Kaeser:

 

Euro zone crisis, strong franc, 9 February 2014 vote, immigration, Syrian and Eritrean refugees, state pensions…These subjects are all debated during the elections, but not the question of language, so essential to our link to the Swiss confederation. Is this good or bad?

 

Christophe Büchi:

 

It is largely good. It shows that it isn’t a fundamental issue. Although it has been frequently discussed recently, debates have been related to the place of French in German-speaking primary schools.

 

French was removed from the curriculum in Thurgau in 2014 but kept after a vote in Nidwalden in March.

 

That might seem surprising, but the question of language has not really been debated for 30 years.

 

No French please we’re Swiss (Le News – 05.03.15)

 

English bridges Switzerland’s language divide to a surprising extent (Le News – 12.12.15)

Switzerlands national language is reconcilliation

 

30 years, not more?

 

For the founding fathers of modern Switzerland, the liberal leaders of 1848, it was clear that Switzerland was a multilingual country with German, French, Italian and Rumantsch, despite Rumantsch not being recognised as a national language in 1938.

 

What’s more, there was never a desire to have one language dominate or to suppress or exclude the others.

 

In addition, political differences have never been fully associated with linguistic divisions. This has ensured a durable “linguistic peace”, albeit with highs and lows.

 

In 1847, during the Sonderbund war that opened the way for the creation of the Swiss Federal state, there were both French-speaking and German-speaking cantons in the liberal camp that won the war as well as in the conservative catholic camp that lost. This linguistic and political crossover allowed potentially explosive differences to be neutralised.

 

Swiss_Sonderbund_War_Map_1

 

Sonderbund War Map – source Wikipedia

 

 

We often talk of the Röstigraben, the notional linguistic divide between French and German speakers, cutting Switzerland in two after votes!

 

It’s true, in particular after “Black Sunday” on the 6th of December 1992 when 50.3% of Swiss voters voted against entry into the European Economic Area (EEA). All of the French-speaking cantons plus Basel’s two half cantons voted “Yes”. And voter turnout was a record 78%, the highest since the 1947 vote on AVS, Switzerland social security system, when it was 87%.

 

 

rostigraben map 00356-edited

 

We can only dream of such voter turnout today…

 

Glancing at maps of voting results, Switzerland seems to be divided into two blocks, we have already discussed the “gulf of 1992”! However the situation wasn’t as tense as it was during the war in 1914-1918. French and Italian speakers were massively on France’s side while a section of German speakers sympathised with Wilhelm II’s Germany.

 

 

 

© Lochstampfer | Dreamstime.com

© Lochstampfer | Dreamstime.com

 

It was once much worse!

 

Indeed. Going back to 1992, if we look at the results more closely we can see that German-speaking urban centres, in particular Zurich, Bern and Basel – that all voted “Yes”, voted more in line with French-speakers. The divide, that we see more and more, is between urban and rural voters. The point of friction is more at this level.

 

Why then do we talk more openly about the language question now than 30 years ago?

 

In the 1960s everyone was talking about decolonisation and cultural identity, it was something we discussed. Quebeckers were busy with their “quiet revolution” and other minorities such as the Bretons and Walloons were waking up.

 

The Jura question was also arousing thoughts and emotions.

 

Some French speakers were sympathetic to Jura’s independence movement, for whom defence of their language was critical. There are still traces of this, however since then we’ve seen a softening of attitudes.

 

Chateau de Delemont Jura - © Mihai-bogdan Lazar | Dreamstime.com

Chateau de Delemont Jura – © Mihai-bogdan Lazar | Dreamstime.com

 

What do you mean by softening attitudes?

 

 

In the 1990’s an economic crisis hit French-speaking Switzerland, but from shortly after 2000, the “Lake Geneva miracle”, in conjunction with the Jura watchmaking boom, changed the game. The Lake Geneva region enjoyed extraordinary growth. The success of Alinghi symbolised this spectacular comeback.

 

From then on those in Zurich no longer spoke as condescendingly of the French-speaking “Welches” as they did during the 1980s and 90s.

 

Alinghi Switzerland - © Evren Kalinbacak | Dreamstime.com

Alinghi Switzerland – © Evren Kalinbacak | Dreamstime.com

 

 

How does Europe fit into this?

 

The Europhile tendency that characterises French speakers, embodied in the political activism of the newspaper the Hebdo in favour of the European Union, has fallen sharply.

 

There is no longer any strong identification with the European idea – such as that espoused by Jean-Pascal Delamuraz nationally and Jacques Delors internationally. The crisis in the euro zone since 2008 hasn’t helped either.

 

© Peter Hermes Furian | Dreamstime.com

© Peter Hermes Furian | Dreamstime.com

 

Did francophone discontent lose its raison d’être?

 

The fact that German speakers are a majority (63.5% of the population) and francophones a strong minority (22.5% of the population) will always cause friction.

 

But the pragmatism that drives Swiss politics can deal with this. The desire to maintain a balance between francophones and German speakers, embodied in this “marriage of reason”, prevents Switzerland degenerating into a messy divorce or a full-blown conflict, like in Belgium between the Flemish and the Walloons.

There is more reason to worry about Ticino.

 

 

No French please we’re Swiss (Le News – 05.03.15)

 

English bridges Switzerland’s language divide to a surprising extent (Le News – 12.12.15)

Ticino? Why is that?

 

 

There is real unease regarding Ticino.

 

In contrast to the Italian speaking valleys in the canton of Graubünden, you can see that Ticino has been disconnecting from the rest of Switzerland over the last 20 years, for a generation, which is already a long time.

 

Historically, Ticino had a weak economy and many emigrated, poor children were “rented out” in Italy. After the war tourism and finance, not always “clean” was the focus.

 

But the local industrial fabric is fragile and SMEs fear competition from Italian companies in Lombardy and Piedmont. Threatened by a wave of antipathy towards cross-border workers, Ticino feels hemmed in, without much support from Bern and the other cantons.

 

 

Ticino government building in Bellinzona - © Morseicinque | Dreamstime.com

 

티치노 (스위스 지방 정부) 

 

Is Ticino right?

 

Partly. Don’t forget that Italian, which 8% of Swiss speak, is not well catered for.

 

That is damaging to national unity. Ticino’s is also nurturing its own identity crisis. It needs to take responsibility for its voting and choices.

 

The political party Lega dei Ticinesi, which is similar to Geneva’s MCG, perpetuates discontent without providing any solutions.

 

That is neither healthy nor constructive. Some commentators spoke of the Röstigraben during the February 2014 vote against mass immigration, but it was Ticino that swung the vote!

 

It’s a Sonderfall in a Sonderfall (a special case within a special case). I think we need an urgent plan for Ticino in order to avoid it becoming even more isolated.

 

For example encouraging tertiary education and training. I’m not sure that a second Gothard tunnel will boost its development.

 

Local politicians must be more creative, come up with ideas, projects! Unfortunately Ticino was notably absent from the Federal elections.

 

 

You have mentioned national unity.

 

 

 

What role do languages play in the important link with the Swiss confederation?

 

Swiss identity is not based on linguistic unity, nor is it ethnic, religious or a vision of a monolithic nation. If it exists “Swissness” resides in the acceptance of our diversity.

 

This diversity includes the multilingual character of the country. Multilingualism is the ultimate symbol of “Swissness”.

 

This reality often strikes foreigners who see a huge richness, that in my opinion we don’t utilise enough. We should for example do more to encourage language exchanges within the country.

 

I like to remind myself of what the Italian writer and semiologist Umberto Eco said: The language of Europe is translation. I believe in a certain sense Switzerland does a brilliant job of reconciling its different groups through democracy.

 

Viewed this way, its four languages play the fundamental role of go-between, providing the cement to hold it all together.

 

스위스 내부에서도 '언어 교류, 교환'을 더 장려해야 하는 이유.

 

이탈리아 작가 기호학자 움베르토 에코의 말 "유럽의 언어는 번역이다"

스위스가 '민주주의'를 통해 서로 다른 언어를 사용하는 사람들을 화해시키는 탁월한 임무를 수행하고 있다.

스위스 사람들이 쓰는 독일어, 프랑스어, 이탈리어, 로만슈어 4가지 언어들을 서로 배움으로써, 사람들을 하나로 통합시키는 역할을 수행하고 있다. 

 

 

 

By Christophe Büchi

 

Büchi Chr.christophe.buechi@bluewin.ch

 

Christophe is a Swiss journalist and author who wrote for the Zürich daily the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) from 2001 to 2014. Born in Fribourg, to parents from Thurgau with roots in Ticino, he now calls Lausanne home. Based on this experience, Christophe has written a book entitled Mariage de raison: Romands et Alémaniques : une histoire suisse, published by Editions Zoé in Geneva, that looks at Switzerland’s multilingualism.

 

 

참고 스위스 지역별 언어.

 

 

 

 

 

독일어 72%, 프랑스어 21%, 이탈리아어 6.5%, 로마니쉬 0.5%

 

 

 

관련 뉴스.

 

스위스 독일어를 쓰는 사람들 현재 상황.

 

1) 일상에서 쓰는 독일어는 스위스식 독일어. 그러나 읽고 쓰는 '문자' 독일어는 현재 독일에서 사용하는 독일어. 호크 도이치. Hoch-deutsch (high German). 

 

2) 영어가 세계를 지배하는 언어인 상황에서 프랑스어를 필수로 배워야 하는가 논란. 

 

스위스 인민당(국민당 UDC)은 비-프랑스어 지역에서 영어보다 '프랑스어'를 가르치도록 제안할 것이라고 주장.

이와는 대조적으로 2015년 독일어 사용 지역 니트발덴 (Nidwalden) 에서 초등학교에서 프랑스어 교육을 중단하자는 '투표'를 했는데, 이 제안자 역시 니트발덴 스위스 인민당 (UCD) 지부였다. 프랑스어 교육을 중단하게 되면 그 자리에 영어가 들어서게 된다. 

 

 이런 와중에, 쭈리히 주(칸톤) 일부 교사들과 정치인들이 초등학교에서 2가지 이상 언어 교육을 중단하자고 제안했는데, 그 이유는 초등학교 학생들이 두 개 이상의 언어를 배우게 되면 학습과중에 시달리게 된다는 것이다.

 

3) 프랑스어 사용 스위스 학생들은 만약 스위스식 독일어를 제 2 언어로 배워야 한다면,

(1) 말은 스위스식 독일어, 문자는 독일식 '호크 도이치'를 배워야 한다.

(2) 프랑스 사용 스위스 사람들은 프랑스 사람들이 사용하는 '말'과 '문자'를 동일하게 사용하고 있어서, 독일어를 사용하는 스위스 사람들이 겪는 문제는 겪지 않는다.

 

 

 

 

스위스 언어들. 관련 뉴스.

No French please. We’re Swiss…..

05/03/2015 BY LE NEWS

 

English teaching in Switzerland

The dominance of English

 

Two recent stories are reminders of the cultural and political importance of language in Switzerland. Choosing to learn English as a second language makes sound practical sense in an increasingly global world, however in Switzerland it is not that simple. Switzerland, a country with four national languages (German, French, Italian and Romanche), has to juggle the practical benefits of learning English with the benefits that come from learning the languages of fellow Swiss.

 

In addition, German-speaking Swiss don’t speak regular High German as a first language. They speak one of a number of dialects of Swiss German while reading and writing in High German. At school they must learn High German before learning another language so a second language for them is in effect their third.

 

A recent story in the Geneva newspaper Tribune de Genève entitled: French-speaking Swiss, the UDC loves you!,

discusses the Swiss People’s Party’s (UDC – French acronym or SVP – German acronym) announcement that they will add support for the teaching of French ahead of English in the non-French speaking regions of Switzerland to their legislative agenda.

 

 

 

 

The UDC is playing a balancing act. In some quarters they support initiatives that call for a single extra language to be taught in primary schools, i.e. English, while trying to be seen to support Swiss values, which would logically include support for learning national languages ahead of English.

 

On the other side, an article in the newspaper Le Matin presents the controversial vote this Sunday 8 March 2015 in the Swiss German-speaking half-canton of Nidwalden (Nidwald in French) to stop teaching French at primary school.

 

The initiative is the work of the Nidwalden branch of the UDC and a “Yes” result would mean English would be taught in favour of French.

 

 

Nidwalden vote against French

The village of Buochs, Nidwalden, Switzerland

 

The drama began some time ago when a group of teachers and politicians launched an initiative to stop the teaching of two extra languages at primary schools in the canton of Zurich.

 

 

 

They argued that children are over burdened, are losing interest in language learning and neglecting other important subjects.

 

Similar initiatives were then launched in a number of cantons, however Nidwalden’s will be the first to reach the voting stage and the result could set a precedent.

 

The parliament of Nidwalden is against the initiative on the grounds it will impact on national cohesion and advises voters to reject the proposal. UDC Nidwalden’s response is that teaching Swiss history would do more for national unity than teaching French.

 

Understandably the French-speaking Swiss (Romands) are upset by moves to delay the teaching of French at school in Swiss-German regions.

 

However, some on the Swiss-German side of the Rösti Graben, the symbolic linguistic dividing line between French and Swiss German speakers, argue that French speakers are holding them to a double standard.

 

Many Swiss-German speakers see High German as the first extra language they must learn. French speaking children are not faced with this extra subject because they don’t speak a dialect at home.

 

Perhaps if the Romands were required to learn both Swiss German and High German on top of French at primary school they would have greater empathy with the learning burden on Swiss-German speaking children.

 

And while High German is taught as a second language throughout the French-speaking part of Switzerland (Suisse Romande) it is not always taught with much gusto.

 

Few primary school children in Geneva would be able to hold a conversation in High German, let alone Swiss German.

 

Also some Lake Geneva-based expatriates are disappointed to discover how elusive the often-touted benefit of Swiss schooling is – that of trilingual children.

 

Many will identify with the song: Hallo, Susi! Guten Morgen! Komm, wir spielen! Komm, komm, komm! La-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la. Komm, wir spielen! Komm, komm, komm!, often regaled by their children year after year when asked how their German is coming along – a reminder of just how little progress they have made.

 

The Federal Council will be looking at the issue again in June. In the meantime votes similar to Nidwalden’s are planned in the cantons of Zurich, Thurgau, Schaffhausen, Luzern and Graubünden. To be contined…

 

https://lenews.ch/2015/03/05/no-french-please-were-swiss/

No French please. We’re Swiss.....